| 词汇 | example_english_minimum-wage |
| 释义 | Examples of minimum wageThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Participants earn the official minimumwage and mostly work 36 hours per week. Its vote was required to pass the budget, and it could also pass laws to increase spending or change the minimumwage or pension. As we turn to empirical evidence about the effects of the minimumwage, the picture is a confused one. Can this be the basis for an argument against the minimumwage? But even if it is true that self-ownership rights would be violated by the minimumwage, this is question-begging. As for the final judgment of the minimumwage, there are roughly two views of the minimumwage. In this example, no workers lose through the minimumwage. But an objection to the minimumwage might be developed from the values underlying freedom of contract. Is it true that the minimumwage conflicts with self-ownership and, if so, is this a major objection? However, while minimumwage rates were not applied elsewhere until 1963, from the late 1950s symptoms of unemployment became increasingly evident in other urban centres. The next year, when minimumwage rose from $.25 to $.30 an hour, three million more workers were covered. Given these difficulties, it should be no surprise that minimumwage has rarely kept pace with inflation. In particular, considerations of exploitation and freedom do not make a case for or against the minimumwage. It is 5.5 % of the minimumwage or 2.2 % of the average wage, indexed to prices. The risk of death of children in families earning one minimumwage was twice that of children in high income families (10 minimum wages). Although the federal minimumwage floor of $5.15 an hour applies to almost all workers, individual states may set a higher hourly minimum. Employers who violated the minimumwage, for example, were also brought before this federal court. An increase in the minimumwage would therefore significantly raise the income of former recipients since it would raise the benchmark for all wages. Others may apply for a discretionary public assistance benefit (currently 15 per cent of the minimumwage). The ultimate success of minimumwage legislation depends on enforcement. Would there be minimumwage institutions, employment protection, unionization, and collective bargaining? The second tries to show that whatever freedom is compromised by the minimumwage is only of instrumental value. Moreover, minimumwage activities will likely fail in the more conservative states, which often have the highest concentrations of poverty. In comparison, the minimumwage in 1968 brought a threeperson family to 120 per cent of the poverty line. The argument being criticized holds that the interests of those who lose by the minimumwage deserve special consideration because of freedom. The minimumwage might then benefit such workers by pushing their wages up to what is the competitive rate for less vulnerable workers. The effects of the minimumwage on unemployment would presumably vary according to the rate - the higher the rate, the worse the effect. A minimumwage was not implemented for another fifteen years. This criterion would be accepted by many different types of consequentialism, especially given the two major views about what the minimumwage does. You, the reader, probably both live in a country with a minimumwage and are paid well above that minimum. In many countries equal opportunities legislation has been stiffened and increased importance has been attached to minimumwage provision. If there is a legislated minimumwage, left governments are likely to set the minimumwage closer to the median wage than right governments. The real minimumwage increased from an index of 54 in 1983 to 117 by 1992. As one reviewer correctly observed, the effectiveness of the minimumwage policy in the agriculture sector is questionable as it is often not enforced. Policy makers knew that large increases in the minimumwage or pension would undermine their attempts to clear arrears before the election. It is because of the duties that even middle-class low-wage workers should be paid a minimumwage. The minimumwage has wide coverage with only limited exceptions. Employers will substitute capital or more skilled but more expensive labor for those who would have been employed below the minimumwage. This criterion holds that the gains and losses caused by the minimumwage are comparable. The final decision about the minimumwage is then based on some kind of cost- benefit sum. It is also sometimes argued, contrary to the standard theory, that the minimumwage could increase output. Exploitation still may not support the minimumwage or, if it does, considerations of justice, of which exploitation is one, may not. Workers might be said to have their freedom of contract wrongly abridged by the minimumwage. The other main argument against the minimumwage is based on freedom of contract. The conclusion is that, at worst, the minimumwage is a mistake and, at best, something to be half-hearted about. If those are the effects, then consequentialist views of any plausible kind will condemn the minimumwage. Some say that people ought to get a minimumwage because, in general, nobody should be poor, or people's needs should be met. In the process, it goes into some detail about the controversies over the effects of the minimumwage. It criticizes exploitation arguments for the minimumwage. This same insurance will be required as a condition for gainful employment beyond minimumwage. The introduction of a minimumwage had immediate repercussions. In 1982, before adjustment, the minimumwage was ó12.00 per day. The most consistent lever of pre-election manipulation was the minimumwage, which rose more than average in all four pre-vote periods. Therefore, any increase in the minimumwage is likely to have a broader social impact. The public strongly favoured independent unions, a minimumwage law and regulation of hours and working conditions. Under the new rules, pension contributions were waived for minimumwage earners. In many small towns teachers can earn as little as $50 a month, roughly $80 less than the minimumwage. Participants earn the minimum youth wage, which is 70 per cent of the minimumwage for a 24-year-old. For example, two full-time minimumwage workers in 2001 had a combined yearly income of $19,776. For the miners, these were favourable circumstances for wage negotiations, and the agreement they negotiated guaranteed a minimumwage. Moreover, the thought must be, the duties not to exploit are properly enforceable through the minimumwage. It is to prevent their wronging the workers that the enforceable duty of the minimumwage falls on them. Furthermore, whatever differences remain are unlikely to affect a final consequentialist judgment of the minimumwage in the light of what it actually does. If no low-wage workers were exploited, there would not then be an exploitation case for the minimumwage. Exactly what follows for the minimumwage depends on how one takes these rights. So it is not clear, even if people have full self-ownership, that the minimumwage violates any right. In this case, however, participants receive a minimumwage, and work full time, side by side with professionals rather than volunteers. This was worth 29 monthly, equivalent to a minimumwage increase of 7 per cent. At that time the minimumwage was under 1,000 cedis a month, and upper middle level civil service salaries were 2,000 cedis a month. Meanwhile, ' norms' of payment and working conditions may have developed over time and are influenced by minimumwage legislation. Consequently, the minimumwage will increase employment and increase wages. The paper does not reach a single final judgment on the minimumwage. Now consider the effects of the minimumwage on the incomes of the worst off. However, the costs to third parties of insisting on a minimumwage should figure differently for the state than they do for the would-be exploiter. Let us also grant that the minimumwage is a good way of reducing exploitation for those in work. It depends on the importance of freedom of contract and whether whatever is important about it is threatened by minimumwage legislation. Examples of constraints on negative freedom which protect a person's freedom of choice are minimumwage and maximum working hour legislation. It does not include the extra cost of paying the minimumwage to government employees. In 1997 the minimumwage brought a three-person family to 83 per cent of the poverty line. That is above the minimumwage but often insufficient to escape poverty. This did not mean they would support an increase in the federal minimumwage in 2005.30 25. Both the real minimumwage and real minimum pension increased only modestly, and the real average wage rose moderately. Put more positively, they enable unions to negotiate effective wage floors, and therefore reduce their reliance on minimumwage legislation and other forms of government intervention for this purpose. We therefore calculated alternative total costs by assuming that the unit cost of informal care was (1) equal to the national minimumwage (£4.10 per hour) and (2) equal to zero. To continue the parallel, the restrictions of the minimumwage can provide the new option of working for more money than one would otherwise be offered. It is rather surprising that political philosophers have not written on the minimumwage since they have shown interest in other aspects of the labor market. However, that is not plausible for low wage work in general and, if it were, boosting earnings through the minimumwage would be a strange response. Still, although it does not follow, nor is it ruled out that the state is required or permitted to enforce, via the minimumwage, the duty not to exploit. The argument is merely that there is nothing of value over and above the options it makes available in this case, that of the alleged right against the minimumwage. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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