| 词汇 | example_english_mice |
| 释义 | Examples of miceThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. I suspect that for a lot of the more basic research, it will be mice and rats and rabbits that will be used. On the one hand, clear biobehavioral differences exist between strains of mice and rats on dimensions such as behavioral and adrenocor tical reactivity to stressors. Neonatal endotoxin exposure alters the development of social behavior and the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis in selectively bred mice. Prenatal nicotine exposure modifies behavior of mice through early development. When investigating new pathways or genetic defects, mice may die before prostate cancer actually develops, if indeed it does develop. As discussed above, both of these proteins have been localised to cilia in mice. Homozygous -thalassaemia is embryonic lethal in mice, since the globin switch occurs in utero. Mtmr2-null mice also have defects in spermatogenesis, which become apparent from 3 to 4 weeks of age. Modelling coxsackie-virus infection in pregnant mice in long-term experiment. More than half of them, however, used mice. However, it is now clear from classical experiments in mice and from examples of human genetic disease that this is not the case. Furthermore, no disease could be transmitted from these mice to either transgenic or non-transgenic mice. In addition, these mice display poor survival and a markedly reduced capacity for experimental clot lysis. The availability of gene-disrupted (knockout) mice has allowed an intensive investigation of specific immunological parameters that are associated with disease in the murine models. Furthermore, they can contribute to germ cells and transmit the genetic alteration through the germline, producing mutant lines of mice. Generation of mice that have double or triple tetraspanin g e n e knockouts might help to resolve this question. In both cases, the mice were reared on a liquid diet. Reasons for this include the long generation time, the large space requirements and the laborious handling required to maintain and breed the mice. The parturition defect in steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 knockout mice is due to impaired cervical ripening. We are producing large construct transgenic mice to study the regulatory effects of putative elements on imprinted expression. Genetic analysis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice. Correlated responses in male reproductive traits in mice selected for litter size and body weight. Differential activity of maternally and paternally derived chromosome regions in mice. Effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the gonadotrophs of hypogonadal (hpg) mice. If these metabolic regulators are not involved, the transgenic mice and homozygous (lit\\lit) mice would be expected to be identical to their wild-type littermates. In one experiment the mice received two courses of the low dose and, in a second experiment, two courses of the high dose. However, this interaction did not affect body weights of younger mice. We apply this algorithm to a four-way-cross experiment in laboratory mice. Effect of postweaning feed restriction on adipose cellularity and body composition in polygenic obese mice. Wild mice : an everincreasing contribution to a popular mammalian model. Chimaeric mice were generated and mated with wild-type females. Additionally, mice that were selected for small body size showed that opposite effect, their cells being smaller and less numerous than those of unselected lines. No differences in splicing were observed among these mice (data not shown). However, the growth cycle of the uncovered mice is defective. Inbreeding depression and heterosis of litter size in mice. The defective coat structure of the uncovered mice is due to the abnormal texture of the hairs themselves. Females were caged by litter and a density of four mice per cage was maintained. Altering developmental trajectories in mice by restricted index selection. Selection for components related to body composition in mice : direct responses. Testicular activity in mice selected for increased body weight. Further analysis of parent-of-origin imbalance of chromosome 18 is being studied using mice with trisomy for chromosome 18. Evidence for a major gene for rapid postweaning growth in mice. Therefore, the role of telomere shortening in mice is likely not to have the same relevance as in humans. Moreover, there appears to be a dosedependency effect, as p27 homozygous null mice have a more severe phenotype. Renal damage was confirmed by the presence of proteinuria in older mice. In mice homozygous for the transgene, even though the transgene copy number was doubled, the expression level was not. Humans may, he said, be affected in the same way, as what happens to mice is generally applicable to humans. A subsequent unpublished analysis demonstrated that leptin peptide decreased with age in the same mice. There are ostinati that hang in the air, insubstantial as cigar-smoke; figures that scurry out of earshot like mice. Nonetheless, this observation calls into question the widespread use of mice and rats to study the thalamus. Considering both males and females together, the distribution of individual mice was clumped. All oocytes were from superovulated mice and were assayed as described in the text. The most parsimonious explanation would be that no functional synapses were formed in the outer plexiform layer to allow for synaptic transmission in these mice. A separate series of experiments investigated the effects of pupillary diameter on photostasis in black mice. We repeated the doublelabeling experiments in five other retinal sections from five mice and the results were identical. Birth of mice after transplantation of early cell-cycle-stage embryonic nuclei into enucleated oocytes. The rhodopsin level for albino-dim mice was 494 6 11 pmoles 0eye and the rhodopsin level for black-bright mice was 506 6 25 pmoles 0eye. The mice maintained in the dimmest light had the lowest thresholds of all. A total of 150 mice were used in this study. Heterozygous knock-out mice for brain-derived neurotrophic factor show a pathway-specific impairment of long-term potentiation but normal critical period for monocular deprivation. Visualization of alpha9 acetylcholine receptor expression in hair cells of transgenic mice containing a modified bacterial ar tificial chromosome. In contrast to the synaptic ribbon length, however, the thresholds for albinos had a slightly greater fluctuation between time points than black mice. The dynamic fluctuation in ribbon length according to amount of light exposure is also of interest, especially among black mice. At the end of training, black and albino mice are shown to require the same time to reach the ramp. A t-test was performed for statistical comparison between wildtype and mutant mice. Recordings were performed on a minimum of four mice per time point. Although mice and rats are closely related species, our study shows that, with regard to cone-mediated vision, they differ substantially. However, there are several limitations to using knock-out mice to study gene function. Bbs2-null mice have neurosensory deficits, a defect in social dominance, and retinopathy associated with mislocalization of rhodopsin. The behavioral measurements were made on coneless mice over a time period extending from about 3 to 11 months of age. With low levels of light adaptation, the visual sensitivity of coneless mice was indistinguishable from that of similarly tested control animals. The retinas of these coneless mice appear structurally quite normal with the exception of a profound loss of cone photoreceptors. Total cone counts were made in both retinas of six coneless mice. Second, spectral sensitivity measurements were made on coneless mice. Why mice have evolved a photopic sensitivity that favors ultraviolet radiation is an intriguing question. By 10 months, damage is evident in a significant proportion of the mice. Both rats and mice can readily learn salient discriminations and perform them near 100% accuracy. By 12 months, the majority of mice have severe damage and the disease appears to be essentially end stage in many mice. Remodeling of second-order neurons in the retina of rd0rd mutant mice. In addition to the iris disease, the majority of mice develop corneal abnormalities by 9-12 months of age. We screened the offspring of mutagenized mice for retinal defects and found a mutation that causes autosomal dominant photoreceptor degeneration. The results were comparable to those for the mice reported here not shown!. The mice were attracted to the synthetic ligand, which they normally ignore, indicating that dedicated pathways mediate attractive behaviours. Worms and mice that are altered for extended lifespans become sterile, or barely reproduce. However, nerve regeneration in these mutants never reaches the capacity observed in injured nerves of wild-type mice. No difference in muscle damage was observed between male and female mice. Two experimental groups of 25 mice were used. No mice died prior to 72 hours in this experiment. Surprisingly, at 72 hours bacteria could be recovered from the spleen, kidney and liver of three of four mice. Although it was not possible to include all strains in each measurement period, mice of different strains were intermixed. The retinal phenotype was variable but present in mice of all analyzed ages including 1 month old. Combined intraorbital and intracranial dissection of 8 randomly selected mice failed to detect a grossly visible optic nerve in all but one mouse. On other genetic backgrounds, few, if any, heterozygous mice had clinically detectable ocular dysgenesis. The targeting of transgenes into a given locus has a number of advantages over traditional methods of generating transgenic mice. However, expression of alleles that result in embryonic lethality cannot be studied using regular transgenic procedures because lines of founder mice cannot be established. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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