| 词汇 | example_english_maternal |
| 释义 | Examples of maternalThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. 1999!, we examined maternal and paternal parenting separately and expected stronger relations for maternal socialization. However, it is important to remember that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy has other consequences in addition to prenatal nicotine exposure. Most of the studies examining caregiving have focused on maternal caregiving and have used retrospective ratings. First, it was notable that we failed to find an association between maternal attachment status and infant attachment security. Two observers coded maternal and child behaviors on a variety of 7-point scales. Moreover, these deficits are operative irrespective of maternal depression. While the primary independent variable in this study was prenatal stress, all of the subjects were peer reared to avoid differential maternal treatment. A total of 33 maternal and child behaviors were rated by independent observers on 5- and 9-point scales. Here, we examine the potential moderating effects of security of attachment and maternal depressive symptoms on child depression. Distributions for maternal and paternal anger had modal values of zero, with significant positive skewness and kurtosis for paternal anger. Separate direct discriminant function analyses were performed using maternal or paternal variables as predictors of membership in the two groups. In this study, we examined variations in security of attachment behavior, maternal depression symptoms, and economic resources. A multiple regression analysis revealed that security of attachment, maternal depressive symptomatology, and economic risk accounted for 47% of the variability in children's depression scores. Even today, maternal mortality ranges from 10-2 5 %12'33'34 with seventenths of deaths occurring between the first month of the puerperium. Another factor that has consistently been associated with maternal and child well-being is women's role satisfaction. The effects of varying environmental demands on maternal and infant behavior. Rather than serving as a risk factor, maternal employment appears to have mental health benefits for women and their children. Persistent changes in corticotropin-releasing factor neuronal systems induced by maternal deprivation. Toddlers who were more positive in mood were less susceptible to the influence of negative maternal behavior. One such gap is best described by comparing the maternal depression literature with recent work on emotion socialization. The purpose of the present study is to examine relations between two predictors of infant disorganization: maternal attachment representations and atypical behavior toward the infant. There is also evidence for effects of prenatal stressinduced maternal glucocor ticoids on fetal, and later infant, physiology and development. In addition, differences in the course, severity, and timing of maternal depression may need to be considered. Negative maternal control had no significant association with externalizing intercepts in the three other groups. The findings highlight a significant link between maternal risk factors and child behavior. Thus, one likely way in which maternal psychological functioning can affect child behavior is through decrements in the quality of parenting. The third regression showed that maternal sensitivity, independently of maternal depression 0 anxiety and social suppor t, contributed to the explained criterion variance. There were no statistically significant associations between maternal depression and social suppor t and the development of negative emotionality or positive emotionality. Maternal characteristics at 8 and 12 months did not contribute additional significant variance. Low-level approach responses acknowledge the maternal behavior but give little to build on, whereas high-level approach responses set up the next turn in the interaction. Maternal behaviors and child responses are analyzed for each subgroup. Emotions-related causal processes in the effects of maternal depression on children. Regression analyses examined the relative contributions of the marital, maternal, and paternal predictors. In terms of maternal behavior during the separation and reunion events, separation style and physical engagement at reunion did not differ among groups. The prediction was that future child externalizing problems would be affected by maternal contingent emotion. To test this prediction, maternal selfreported emotions were correlated with the child's observed emotion. Thus, both maternal and paternal contributions were associated with fathers' repor ts of child behavior problems. Moreover, maternal criticism was found to par tially mediate the relation between maternal depression and adolescent externalizing problems and functional impairment. Maternal ketoacidosis can be used as an indicator of diabetic control during pregnancy. In par ticular, paternal-expressed emotion was found to mediate the relations between maternal depression, paternal substance use, and adolescent diagnoses for depression. Early vs. late maternal deprivation differentially alters the endocrine and hypothalamic responses to stress. Sibling temperaments and maternal and paternal perceptions of marital, family, and personal functioning. Limitations include lack of measurement of maternal depressive symptoms over time, a relatively small sample size, and lack of direct measurement of maternal sensitivity. Although the present study has several strengths, including consideration of both maternal and infant characteristics and a socioeconomically diverse sample, it also has notable limitations. Disorganization of attachment in relation to maternal alcohol consumption. No new findings with maternal predictors emerged from any of these analyses. Two other findings lend support to the notion that the difference was a function of the postnatal episode of maternal illness. The range of zero-order correlations among negative, controlling, and incongruent maternal representation scores was .15 - .44 for children's baseline and post-intervention narratives. A presence or absence method of coding was used to score children's maternal representations. When we combined paternal and maternal reports into a single construct reflecting fussy/ difficult temperament, this association was no longer significant. Currently, little research exists on the effects of maternal depression on children's stress responses. Frontal brain asymmetry predicts infant's response to maternal separation. Family conflict also had a direct association with maternal sensitivity. Higher maternal depression was associated with higher insecurity. Results did provide support for a moderating role of maternal depression in the relation between children's internalizing symptoms and laboratory baseline cortisol levels. One explanation for lack of associations with maternal alcohol use may be the limited range of maternal alcohol problems in our study. Based on the diagnostic interview and maternal report, dichotomous variables were coded to indicate whether each parent had a history of antisocial behavior. Assessing the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and age at first police contact. Intervention techniques to address the emotion-related aspects of maternal depression. There were no main effects of maternal diagnostic group or child internalizing symptoms. The findings support the important role of maternal biological and psychological processes in the development of child temperament. The specific mechanisms whereby the maternal environment affects temperament are unknown. However, future work might focus more specifically on maternal maltreatment and attributional conflict. In the absence of subjectively perceived personal maladjustment, women at high ego development did reflect relatively positive affective experiences in their maternal roles. In sum, developmental sophistication was linked with greater, rather than less, variability in maternal functioning, considering the presence versus absence of personal maladjustment. The average maternal age at birth of the target child was 27.16 years. The average level of maternal depressive symptomatology was particularly important. The narratives of maltreated children contained more negative maternal representations and more negative self-representations than did the narratives of nonmaltreated children. Seven subscales were used to evaluate maternal behavior during the free-play task for a global rating of maternal sensitivity. The same hierarchical regression model was performed for maternal negativity. Of note also is that comprehension difficulties and maternal rejection were present in our sample at 17 and 44.9%, respectively. Correlations of the 12-month maternal and child variables with the 24-month developmental measures were also computed. Attachment classification differences in three arenas of maternal and child functioning were assessed. Neither infant prematurity, maternal psychological distress, nor alcohol use was related to infant motor outcome. Maternal directiveness at 12 months contributed a similar portion of the variance (11%). Presently, little is known concerning the impact that maternal depression during the prenatal and early postpartum period has on fetal neurobiological and psychological development. Thus, other mechanisms of transmission must be considered, including prenatal exposure to maternal depression which may be associated with a lessthan-optimal intrauterine environment. In predicting child behavior problems, contextual risk was found to mediate the relation between maternal depression and child behavior problems. Notably, these findings for fathers were obtained even though contextual risk was determined by independent maternal reports. In this study, poor previous maternal obstetric history was largely defined by previous miscarriages and stillbirths. Performance of traumatized versus nontraumatized children on this incidental recall task was moderated by the security of their mental representations of maternal caregivers. Experiences of trauma have adverse effects on children's representational models of maternal caregivers. Two years later, a second study found that the maternal mortality rate was rising during the depression years. In the twenties, both groups of organized women ran campaigns for birth control, family allowances and maternal and child welfare. Relieving fear through hormonal change unmasks maternal propensities which continue even after the period of hormonal priming. Although hormones do not mediate the effects of maternal experience, it is clear that experiences acquired during the postpartum period are affected by hormones. Ventral stimulation is probably essential to the maternal experience effect. The land is described according to maternal imagery. At this time, our findings add to rather than demystify the uncertainty regarding the relation between maternal fish consumption and infant gestation and birth size. Once pregnancy was confirmed, the rats were placed in standard plastic laboratory maternal tubs and assigned to one of five gestational treatment groups. Fetal exposure explains the human newborn's orientation to the maternal voice. She treats her husband as a nuisance, refusing his entreaties to go home with him and even his repeated appeals to her maternal instinct. His male characters retreat into its embryonic safety, seeking the proximity and warmth of a maternal figure. However, an affirmation of female fecundity and procreativity does not have to reduce women to a maternal role. Adoptive sibling differences were not significantly greater than the nonadoptive sibling differences in their ratings of maternal and paternal affection or control. To expand on this research, we made an effort to parse out the joint and unique effects of maternal and paternal discipline in this study. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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