Examples of marginal

Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
Constant marginal cost is assumed for model simplification.
The sign of this correction factor is ambiguous and depends on the sign of the marginal risk effect of the input at hand.
An added twist in the model is a productivity shock, which changes the value of marginal product of water for farms.
The marginal price is the charge made for the last cubic meter of water used.
Such information should be made available to a large group of farmers at low marginal cost.
If a good is rationed, price is not marginal utility.
In textbook analyses, utility can be scaled such that the marginal utility of a consumption good is equal to the market price.
Thus, marginal cost pricing preserves efficiency in the irrigation sector but by drawing on public funds may contribute to inefficiency in other sectors.
Parking, punctuality, and quality are dummy variables, so the reported elasticities and marginal effects are only approximations.
A more extensive analysis would have to be conducted to get better estimates of the marginal cost of each activity.
A much better alternative seems to be to raise (marginal, and to some degree average) water prices, and instead limit rationing.
The optimal stringency of a policy instrument depends on the marginal welfare effects rather than the total welfare effects.
In turn, the subsidy will benefit more waste-pickers who have a higher marginal utility of income than householders.
However, since the assessment is likely to matter only in marginal cases, the net benefit of the improved decision may well be small.
The decline is not smooth, because differences in marginal timber rent between species groups and diameter classes are discrete, not continuous.
However, the marginal value of a life year is more important for policy purposes.
Increased infrastructural supply lessens the environmental costs of consumption, and, the other way round, increased consumption increases the marginal benefit of pollution-reducing infrastructure.
At places where infrastructure density is high, marginal damage is comparatively low and vice versa.
If reduced-impact logging involves additional expenditures of $75/ha, carbon savings of about 30 tons could be achieved at a marginal cost of $2.4/ton.
The net return per acre-inch of groundwater was higher for small and marginal farms compared with large farms.
They represent the possible return (revenue) to one unit of labor given an aggregate effort level (or marginal product of labor).
Therefore, removal of soil, organic matter and nutrients was only marginal when compared with the ®rst cropping period.
The majority of farmers have small and marginal landholdings and belong to the lower castes.
Emission standards should be set with a consideration of both marginal abatements costs and marginal abatement benefits, relations that are plant and location specific.
When the expected marginal penalty exceeds the marginal abatement costs of the source, it will choose to comply with its emission permits.
We now calculate the marginal cost of mitigation by calculating the cost per ton of the additional carbon removed.
However, the marginal cost of reducing additional carbon through these mitigation activities is surprisingly high.
However, the impact seems to be disproportionately borne by the farmers of marginal and small holdings, and can be termed as vertical in nature.
Second, marginal cost is increased (or marginal revenue is decreased) by a constant amount, creating an incentive to reduce total recovery.
Marginal changes in tax rates can affect the intertemporal harvesting profile by changing the time path of relative prices and costs.
The wage reflects the marginal value product of labour in lowland production and is negatively impacted by sedimentation.
As the concept of marginal willingness to pay does not apply to dummy variables, we simply use the term willingness to pay.
The truncation of the normal distribution leads to non-constant marginal means and variances for distributions estimated near the bounds.
The coefficient estimates only indicate the statistical importance of the variables in the location decision, and not the magnitude of marginal effects.
First, we are interested in marginal values and this information is not available to our knowledge.
We then use limited dependent variable regression methods to examine the marginal effects of each determinant on program participation.
The marginal cost of this vaccination policy (at every moment in time) is given by the right-hand side of (16).
The difference in response could also reflect increasing marginal abatement costs: abatement activities are more difficult and expensive at advanced stages of cleanup.
Overall, research findings support the hypothesis that extension activity has potentially positive marginal benefits.
The changes that have taken place have been so many and so large that they defy many of the tools of marginal analysis.
Bilinguals have sometimes been described as 'marginal people', because the link with each of their two communities is thought to be tenuous.
Estimates of m 1:1 and m 1: 2 are constructed by marginal integration: m 1 : 1 t1 : 1 !
If the expected marginal damages are large, because the probability and/or magnitude of possible harms are large, then stringent first-period abatement will be appropriate.
The marginal benefits are small if the net price of conversion is small or if there are few healthy patches that wildlife can colonize.
Specifically, the numerator represents the marginal net benefits of adding wildlife to non-infected patches (a productivity effect).
Furthermore, the marginal utility of conserved species decreases as its number grows.
The syntactic option that allowed postverbal pronouns and particles at this time appears to have been marginal.
A reasonable argument could be made that the disvalue of disease or death differs less between persons than the marginal value of money.
Therefore, a theory of endogenous changes in patience is something different from a theory of marginal rates of substitution.
A high marginal tax rate lowers the opportunity cost of leisure.
Marginal fringe 0.37-0.47 times as long as wing width (fig. 30).
Marginal fringe 0.32-0.43 times as long as wing width (fig. 59).
Additionally, geographical differences in phenology-related phenomena become more pronounced where conditions are marginal, either through the effects of elevation or the underlying weather conditions.
Marginal fringe 0.21-0.30 times as long as wing width.
Then at lower latitudes continents might then be glaciated from open seas with marginal warm interglacials.
The transitional lake facies association is characterized by its position between central and marginal lake facies associations.
The trace fossil is surrounded by a marginal tube and an open vertical shaft connects it to the sediment surface.
Therefore, on the basis of olivine composition, the marginal gabbro is a possible parental magma.
676 origin and development, have been extensively drilled in the marginal parts of these blocks.
The positive blocks also fed plant remains into the basin, confirming that there was vegetation cover on these marginal areas.
I n this spirit, only limited experimental data were obtained for the condition of marginal stability.
They recommended that these cultivars should be planted in marginal areas.
The restricted set of wall properties corresponding to marginal hydroelastic stability will be derived below for a nondissipative compliant wall.
The inhomogeneous equations (4.10) in general have no solution unless the associated solvability condition, which determines the marginal state of magnetoconvection, is satisfied.
A para-marginal cord insertion, defined as less than 2 cm from the placental margin, occurs in around 10% of unselected pregnancies.
Recombination had, at best, a marginal effect on variance.
Another early discussion revolved around the necessity to condition on the marginals.
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