| 词汇 | example_english_loci |
| 释义 | Examples of lociThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. We do this for all pairs of loci. We reordered approximately 32 loci on chromosome 15 to improve linkage statistics. Unlike composite interval mapping, the set of controlled loci will necessarily vary for each marker and interval. Mutations in microsatellite loci may be responsible for some heterozygosity. Such genetic heterogeneity has been described for multiple loci in breast cancer, providing an understanding of the complex picture of breast cancer pathogenesis. We were unable to detect even nominal evidence for linkage at any of the loci investigated. To test this hypothesis, amplification was repeated with a new set of primers for each of these loci. By systematically identifying the loci of difference between emotion concepts in different languages, an accurate picture of emotion concepts can be drawn. In order to further understand relationships among various lineages, additional genes need to be sequenced, including some nuclear loci. Heterozygosities averaged over loci exceeded 50% in all populations. The second reason is again the limited number of polymorphic loci employed in the analyses, possibly leading to biased estimates. The maintenance of genetic variability by mutation in a polygenic character with linked loci. Alleles will be coded as (0, 1) in both loci, and they will be assumed to be in coupling phase. Mapping quantitative trait loci for murine growth : a closer look at genetic architecture. Selection with recurrent backcrossing to develop congenic lines for quantitative trait loci analysis. Assuming there is no recombination interference, the recombination frequency between the first and the third loci will be c=c1(1xc2)+(1xc1)c2. The use of a genetic algorithm for simultaneous mapping of multiple interacting quantitative trait loci. Quantitative trait loci for maternal performance for offspring survival in mice. A chromosome bin map of 16 000 expressed sequence tag loci and distribution of genes among the three genomes of polyploid wheat. Quantitative trait loci affecting body weight and fatness from a mouse line selected for extreme high growth. However, selection may influence the behaviour of markers in selfing species with strong linkage disequilibria among loci, therefore invalidating this test of detection of selection. A method to optimize selection on multiple identified quantitative trait loci. We calculated the proportion of loci that were polymorphic in each population, excluding those loci that did not amplify in the population. We classified loci according to the size and nature of the repeat array. To date 24 chromosomal loci have been mapped, 11 chromosomal aberrations verified and 17 of the genes identified. The ' imprintingcontrol regions ' at most imprinted loci are methylated on one of the parental alleles only. The effect of a selected locus on linked neutral loci. We suspect this outcome to reflect forensic inadequacies of these particular microsatellite loci. 12 further demonstrated that indica-japonica differentiation occurred on all 12 chromosomes and almost all the detected loci with a variable range. Genetic differentiation between the two subspecies was quantified for each locus and for all loci together. We suspect that recombination within loci causes models of sequence evolution to perform erratically. Test statistics for nuclear loci are negative in almost all cases. Results are shown for n l 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 loci. Power of tests for quantitative trait loci detection using full-sib families in different schemes. Although our extension from biallelic to multiallelic loci is not profound, it does allow insights that may otherwise be lost. With strong selection and many loci, linkage disequilibria are the main cause of changes in genetic variance. In principle, loci could change over at different places. However, the increase does become small when a very large number of loci are involved. To the extent that the variance and gradient in mean vary across loci, these will be smaller than the actual number of loci. A step cline in a trait determined by an infinite number of unlinked loci. Let g represent the set of true genotypes for all individuals and for all marker loci. Genotypes for three marker loci with known positions on chromosome 4 were available. Mapping quantitative trait loci in a selectively genotyped outbred population using a mixture model approach. Advances in statistical methods to map quantitative trait loci in outbred populations. However, the decay rate depends on the distance between loci only in the first case. Four of these five loci either possess 10 or fewer alleles or were on the third chromosome. Note, however, that n' and n' * do not increase proportionately with the number of loci. Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling milk production by exploiting progeny testing. At some loci, some allele sizes were too small to be possible solely as a result of variation in the dinucleotide repeat. Theoretical basis of separation of multiple linked gene effects on mapping quantitative trait loci. A simple regression method for mapping quantitative trait loci in line crosses using flanking markers. Each of the three traits is controlled by n l 50 loci, randomly assigned from the 100 available per individual. Estimates of additive effects which are significantly different from zero imply both non-zero additive effects at the trait locus and an association between the loci. Estimating the locations and the sizes of the effects of quantitative trait loci using flanking markers. However, the second and potential third loci involved in backfat variability seemed to affect only thickness. In our case this hypothesis is not likely because no homozygous nulls were observed for the different loci analysed. However, reliable estimates of relative rates among loci can be expected to reduce the sampling error of the estimated ancestral population size. More multiallelic loci need to be typed to overcome the lack of information due to typing errors, and biallelic markers must be avoided. Consider first the simple case when all loci have the same effects. Each parent also receives an additional 12 unlinked loci that simulate the polygenic contribution to the trait. Mapping quantitative trait loci in outcross populations via residual maximum likelihood. When e is substantial for a large number of loci, a two-step procedure might be used to ^ improve relatedness analyses. What should we weigh to estimate heterozygosity, alleles or loci? As already mentioned, the multiple locus case can be treated approximately by assuming no associations between loci. There are two alternative haplotype reconstructions for a pair of loci for which a sire is heterozygous. Of course, the larger the population size, the more selected loci are needed for theoretically predicted identities to diverge from simulations. A general mixture model for mapping quantitative trait loci by using molecular markers. Several methods for mapping quantitative trait loci have been proposed in the literature. Let the two lines differ by l loci affecting the trait under investigation. Quantitative trait loci affecting fatness in the chicken. Our results inspire some interesting hypotheses about variation within versus between lines and whether the same loci could be involved. A least-squares method has been developed for mapping such complex disease loci by treating the binary phenotypes (0 and 1) as if they were continuous. Theoretical basis for separation of multiple linked gene effects in mapping quantitative trait loci. Permutation tests for multiple loci affecting a quantitative character. Two forces affect the inbreeding and genetic drift at neutral loci linked to loci under selection. The actual (observed) inbreeding coefficient at generation t at these loci was obtained in two ways. The allele frequency at each of the k biallelic loci was fixed at 0n5. Care must be taken in estimating disease mortality from overdominant loci in such species. Models 2 and 3 allow the frequency and dominance coefficient of the rare allele to vary among loci. The results provide precise predictions for analyses of survey data for selectively neutral loci in natural populations with a given dispersal level. All individuals in the pedigree were genotyped at the polymorphic marker loci. In these cases, two linked, partially recessive loci can behave like an overdominant one. Moreover, two highly overdominant loci that interact synergistically can cause apparent partial recessivity. However, even this estimation may not be free from bias, especially when there are closely linked selected loci present in a short chromosomal region. In other words, even two unlinked overdominant loci that interact synergistically could still produce partial dominance or underdominance. However, it is not certain whether there really were any highly overdominant loci present in the proximity of the marker loci. A simple explanation is direct overdominance at the enzyme loci scored. The patterns of variation across sites and cohorts are consistent with associative overdominance, although environment-dependent direct effects of enzymatic loci cannot be excluded. Linkage analysis in outbreeders loci, thus blocking the determination of the contribution of the second parent. As formulated in this way, there is no reference to the fate of mutant alleles at individual loci. Functional mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying the character process : a theoretical framework. The eight loci had 9 to 33 alleles each. Consequently, only loci scored in all the 102 populations were considered here. 56 case is the worst, especially when typing errors are numerous, even if several loci are considered. 264 microsatellite loci, it is very unlikely that a triploid animal will not possess three alleles in at least one of the loci scored. The average recombination rate over all loci was 0n55. How cells ' recognize ' the parental origin of imprinted loci remains unclear. Various combinations of loci with different numbers of alleles, giving the same total number (30) of independent alleles, were used. Detection of linkage between marker loci and loci affecting quantitative traits in crosses between segregating populations. Selection of markers linked to quantitative trait loci by regression techniques. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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