| 词汇 | example_english_lobby |
| 释义 | Examples of lobbyThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Indeed, much of what is observed in writing is likely to be a result of donor pressure to please home market lobbies. Multiculturalist and antiracist lobbies could regard this as a partial vindication. A fall may lead to lobbying for lower taxes for the public sector and reductions in health care budgets. After they obtained support for the survey, they lobbied to make it an ongoing activity rather than a one time study. One cause, examined in the next section, is the lobbying power of the medical goods industries. The lobbies will be so wide, as to include within them the pillars in the front and on each side. When assessing interest group lobbying success we must consider what they sought and what they got, allowing room for degrees of success. The characteristics of the advocate itself can also play a role in their chances of lobbying success. We will come to understand what factors on average lead to lobbying success, and which tend toward failure. The third section presents the empirical analysis relating institutional, issue and interest group factors to lobbying success. Devising a study with a starting point ten years ago would add to our understanding of lobbying influence. Measuring lobbying success however and analyzing its determinants can provide us with a better understanding of one aspect of the influence process. They can engage in lobbying themselves and/or form part of a trade association that undertakes the lobbying effort for them. Of course, this is only an initial investigation, analyzing lobbying success of only 149 advocates on 47 issues. Both the hard-line authoritarian faction and pro-business affairists lobbied for different reasons to close down the journal. To the extent that it did so, how much of this was the result of lobbying attempts by that community ? They lobbied policymakers vociferously, and their local groups held frequent meetings and a few demonstrations. Within their own body they passed a number of resolutions on women's issues, on the basis of which they then lobbied individual delegates. From more efficient constitutions would emerge more inclusive and hence more efficient lobbying systems. By the late seventeenth century, these absentee planters already engaged in lobbying activities. Tax initiatives were first ' channelled ' through the military and, to a great extent, were successfully resisted by lobbies and special interest groups. The first section discusses the difficulty of measuring lobbying influence and introduces the method employed to code lobbying success. Another interest group characteristic that shows a strong relationship to lobbying success is the position of the advocate. The resources of an advocate, both financial and membership exhibit no clear relationship to lobbying success. Assessment of the firms' allocation of political resources and lobbying effectiveness is based on the company interviews and the 94 survey replies. First, the ageist quality of elderly (and thus its rejection by individual users and lobbying groups) can be traced back to its collocational profile. Although rent-seeking activities such as lobbying do not necessarily involve corrupt behaviour, larger bureaucracies are taken to be a standing invitation to corruption. Indeed, it may well have been pressure-group activity that brought pro-abolitionists into the division lobbies in 1956 after having abstained in 1955. However, movement in this direction has been uneven, and often countered by side-payments that ensure the cooperation of active senior lobbies. The medical goods industries remain powerful lobbies, but they operate in an increasingly competitive lobbying environment. Rights offer legitimacy to campaigns, to pressure groups, to lobbies, to direct and indirect action, in particular to those who are disadvantaged or excluded. At the same time, the family interest gained strength, lobbying for more treatment. Today there is greater emphasis on activities that contribute to women's political participation : civic education, improving leadership skills, and lobbying on particular legislative proposals. A certain number of industries are organized in lobbies. Away from the equilibrium point, it doesn't matter if lobbies chose undifferentiable schedules. There, he once again lobbied for the secularization of hospitals. Business and vocational associations lobbied via personal contacts and public relations; the conventional assessment was that their influence was growing. Torrents of constituent mail flowed into their offices, and businesses, nonprofits, and civic organizations lobbied for passage of the crime bill. Markets fail because they do not aggregate information accurately; corrective policies fail too because lobbying efforts serve to polarize rather than galvanize public debate. I argue that to understand lobbying influence we must consider factors at three critical levels. I refer to this as lobbying success to be precise and draw a distinction between this measure and the broader concept of interest group influence. Advocates that are lobbying in a niche, where there are no competing advocates or public scrutiny, are at an advantage. Interests, including consumer advocates and environmentalists, lobbied for the bill. The leadership elites of the chamber were no strangers to the ruling family, high-level government policymaking, or lobbying with parliamentary committees responsible for debt legislation. Obviously, lobbying and mass mobilisation were complementary ways of promoting the student frame. We provide some public subsidy to the arts and humanities because those who like such things have been successful at lobbying those in power. Commercial beer producers lobbying for liquor reform talked the same language. While the commissioners took the police and liquor producers' lobbies seriously, they were concerned that the state should maintain tight political and social control. In the end, interest groups successfully lobbied parliament which significantly altered the proposed legislation. We used this variable to capture the possibility that back-benchers could have successfully lobbied if their party was in power. The associations of disabled people had long lobbied for installing elevators at railroad stations. Undoubtedly, business interests played an important role in lobbying politicians to oppose the reforms, but neither media accounts nor scholarly analyses focus on this lobbying. His analysis of lobbying subverts left and right. Although opponents see the international competitive climate as evidence of the naivety of the pro-production lobby's argumentation, their main message is unmistakable. To understand lobbying influence it is necessary to consider advocates in their broader context, and to reify that context into manageable components. From the results, issue context emerges as a much more important determinant of lobbying success than institutional differences. If one was trying to detect a latent conflict of interests, it seems that they did lose out to user lobbies pressing for liberalization. As a result, their responsiveness is more balanced, with a wider range of advocate types attaining some level of lobbying success. Political lobbies solicit contributions in the guise of surveys. First they lobbied the government on both the state and federal levels when they felt their interests threatened. There was an ongoing programme of lobbying local authorities to persuade them to appoint a properly trained officer for their principal cemetery superintendent posts. Second, they lobbied for tighter regulations to protect men from industrial injury. Nonetheless, the anti-vice groups were not satisfied with the new regulations and sought stricter laws, lobbying for total drug and alcohol control on a national scale. While in some instances the chieftaincy lobbies the government on behalf of its residents, in other cases it acts authoritatively to distribute resources and make and enforce rules. The article therefore encourages research on lobbying that continues to study systematically elements of power such as resources and access, instead of trying to work on power or influence directly. However, the effect of a focusing event on lobbying success depends on what perspective a group has on an issue and if the event galvanized support in their favour. The process of withdrawal from empire implies for any colonial power certain economic contradictions, inevitable results of conflict between the interests and lobbies involved in colonial rule. In the main, this space would be for circulation purposes with stair and lift lobbies etc, but there will also be a need for reception and security facilities. There are many factors that condition any decision, such as issues of a political nature, social demand and support, leadership, lobbies, correlation of influences, and power. As a group, they have many years experience in lobbying for equal opportunities, and age is now another cause that is attracting their attention in a very personal way. A response should therefore be to develop better or more ambitious research designs that allow measuring the impact of lobbying on policy outcomes and thus specify the power of groups. Before turning to the issue-level factors, looking at some of the cases in more detail can clarify the difference in lobbying success patterns in the two systems. The opposite case is a situation in which a group's attempts at influence are countered by lobbying efforts of other groups, public opinion and political parties. Today, it seems that civil society organizations have become more of a regular part of the political process, working with, or lobbying through, institutional channels to achieve their particular interests. By his own account, the deal was negotiated in a few months of intense intrigue, international flights, meetings in hotel lobbies, quests for venture capital and broken promises. The terraces and stairs, along with carefully placed lobbies, provide alternative escape routes that ensure means of escape requirements can be met while creating open-plan living in a three-storey dwelling. However, any public participation requirements would have to be designed carefully to control excessive transaction costs and to balance powerful lobbying groups that espouse narrow views. The type of advocate does appear to have an impact on the likelihood of succeeding in lobbying goals and this speaks to the alternative hypothesis related to democratic accountability. Moreover, as each policy domain required different permutations of players, individual firms required a high degree of political awareness to identify lobbying partners and develop political channels. In order to realise their proposals, they participated in government advisory councils, lobbied the political parties and tried to send their own representatives to local assemblies. Capitalists (merchants, bankers, bond traders, industrialists and their friends, some of whom also owned rural estates) lived in cities and, with independence, exerted disproportionate lobbying influence on policy and politicians. Not only have the unions generally not challenged this idea, but some actively lobbied in its favour, in the name of 'preserving the link between work and income'. However, their resistance declined during the first active year of the authority, and the stakeholder organizations have only been actively engaged in explicit media lobbying in a few cases. In response to this question, we have suggested that the large number of groups active in trade policy lobbying likely exaggerates the actual breadth of the movement. The degree of lobbying success is measured: 0-did not attain objective at all; 1-attained some portion of their objective; and 2-fully attained objective. Here the actual trade policy depends on which party platform is able to attract the most resources from industry lobbies and therefore improve the party's chances of election. They were lobbying, on behalf of the east midlands, for what they called their "missing millions". From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 As for excise duties, the drinks trade has lobbied long and hard about the problems caused by cross-channel shopping. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I have not been lobbied in any way. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I wondered whether he was lobbying for the farmers. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The company has not employed lobbying organisations for that or any other purpose. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We should listen to all the arguments, rather than rushing into change under pressure from a few particular lobbies. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Has there been any lobbying to keep restrictions? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The transport debate is all too often dominated by the lobbies. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I recall that people have been dissatisfied with the all work test, which was anathema to many—including those who have been lobbying for disabled people. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We do not see lobbying organisations on their own. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There will be lobbies for business and for labour. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There is no specific guidance to staff on relationships with lobbying companies. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 However, much of the argument coming from the various environmental pollution, conservation and ecology lobbies is not right. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。