| 词汇 | example_english_ligand |
| 释义 | Examples of ligandThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The development of both types of ligands could therefore have important biomedical implications. Studies such as presented here can serve to provide the data necessary for application of opioid ligands in such unique settings. The sharing of these receptors by multiple cytokines raises the question of how the ligands can trigger specific responses in the target cells. Thus, the net effect of the mixture of the two ligands at the level of the whole animal will be the combined effect. The latter may either cooperate in binding heme or might bind distinct ligands. Our data in conjunction with those of other laboratories indicates the differences in orientation of different ligands within the same binding cleft. Polycystin-1 comprises multiple extra- and intracellular protein domains that suggest many different protein ligands and hence many different cellular functions. However, under nutrient limiting conditions in the environment, microorganisms may secrete ligands, such as siderophores, to scavenge trace metal micronutrients. However, the same trends in metal concentration and behaviour were observed in both biotic and abiotic components, indicating metal-specific ligands were not produced. In another possible application, these groups could be part of designed ligands, which may site-specifically penetrate the hydrophobic cores of proteins, possibly inactivating them. The option of facilitated transport of hydrophilic ligands to engage intracellular receptors is little used for signaling, however, suggesting that transmembrane receptors are more effective. What has largely failed is designing ligands based on known protein structure. Although there has been enormous progress toward accomplishing parts of the vision, the core problem - the design of ligands to bind proteins - has remained intractable. Overall, the interactions are characterised by enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanisms, as typically found for other groove-binding ligands. Acetylcholinesterase : role of the enzyme's charge distribution in steering charged ligands toward the active site. Both receptors and ligands outside the contact region can diffuse to and accumulate at an adhesion site. The ligands on these dimers are mainly histidines. The bis(amidinium) agents, with modest antiviral and antibiotic potency, represent the simplest archetypal class of groove-binding ligands. Such hydration forces can also affect the recognition of small, surface-immobilized ligands by receptors. Although this occurs naturally in response to multivalent ligands, similar responses have been observed using antibodies. Further investigation of the opioid system is now indicated, including measures of the other endogenous opioids, and investigation of the endogenous opioid receptor ligands. Additionally, most cell adhesion molecules have large, multidomain extracellular regions, and some exhibit multiple contacts with their corresponding ligands. If, as we infer, endocannabinoids are non-uniformally distributed in the culture, then which cells produce these ligands? Such differences could influence responses to ligands linked, directly or indirectly, to muscle-based ion channels. Detailed structural information guided the linker design, and only a handful of linked compounds needed to be synthesized to produce nanomolar ligands. Several methods have also been developed to measure more specifically the affinity between receptors and their ligands. The receptors and ligands were not laterally mobile. With structural information in hand, a linker is designed to connect the two ligands. Complex formation, whether between proteins, proteins and nucleic acids, or proteins and small molecule ligands, often involves rigidifying flexible regions of the interacting moieties. Biological cells need to be responsive to various stimuli, primarily chemical ligands from their environments. The hemes are shown in red, with irons with grey filling ; the iron-coordinating ligands are shown in green stick representations. Kinetic mechanism of cytochrome c folding: involvement of the heme and its ligands. Notch-receptor activation on neural progenitor cells, by binding to ligands expressed by neighbouring cells, could be a fundamental process in the neurogenic niche. However, to date, very little is known regarding the specific molecules serving as receptors or ligands in mediating host cell binding to developing larval stages. If such mechanisms exist at this level of phylogeny (as they surely must), then perhaps host antigens mimicked by a parasite may include such ligands. The reduced number of mannose ligands on amastigotes could account for their poor triggering of the burst. The answer to this question may lie in part in the diversity and multiplicity of receptors that all recognise bacterial ligands. Now that the gradients of ligands and receptors have been identified, it seems slightly too early to have forgotten who proposed the idea. Stimulation of development in vitro by platelet-activating factor receptor ligands released by mouse preimplantation embryos. The possibility of such mutations in chemokine ligands that affect their binding to chemokine co-receptors remains to be determined (fig004nmn). I t s ligands and function have not yet been identified. The sarcoglycan complex and sarcospan are also present as components of the complex, but it is not known whether these molecules also have matrix ligands. Extensive hydrogen-bond networks between the capsid and the saccharide ligands have been predicted based on the electron density map. Stabilization can occur through binding ligands, mutagenizing individual residues, or, in crystallography, finding new crystal forms with different packing environments. What is the structural basis for the vastly different efficacies of these two ligands ? Screening a peptidyl database for potential ligands to proteins with side-chain flexibility. The relaxation times of small molecules tumbling rapidly in solution are typically long, while those for large proteins and protein-bound ligands are substantially shorter. Chemically speaking, a coordination number would imply a fixed geometry of ligands (waters) around the ion. What do we know about why ligands bind to proteins, and what can we say about how to move from empiricism to design ? The similarity of the transitions suggests similar or shared molecular mechanisms for the effects of these ligands. Although the role of carbohydrates as ligands in receptor-based signalling is assumed, data for the type of tegumental glycosylation in monogeneans are rare or absent. Initial results based on our experiments suggests hyperthermophilic microorganisms do not produce tungsten or any other metal-specific ligands to leach trace metals from basalts. On the other hand we are also studying how lysophospholipid ligands, that bind to oligodendroglial receptors, could represent more specific radiotracers. In this respect, the recognition properties of the ligands are broadly dictated by a combination of non-bonded interactions and sequence-dependent minor groove width-sensing effects. Control blastomeres were isolated similarly in absence of ligands. An additional parameter describing the ' occupancy ' of a particular atom is normally only refined for structures with alternate conformations or partially bound ligands. What are the specificities of integrin interactions with their ligands? In such a case, the true discrimination between agonist and antagonist ligands may occur at the tri-molecular complex stage. To date, experimental evidence has shown the functional relevance of two of these ligands. Identification of ligands that mediate the function of galectins is important for elucidating galectin actions. A delay of several hours is required for the expression of these ligands. Bacterial ligands that have been shown to bind to these two receptors are indicated. In endogenous molecules, clusters of either mannose-type or fucose-type ligands are not common. Although stylet pulsing and pharyngeal pumping are not equivalent and involve different musculatures, they may be responsive to similar receptors binding the same ligands. Therefore, the hyperpolarization response to applied ligands was not significantly delayed by the intrinsic timeconstant of the membrane. Thus, it is likely that there is redundancy in these ligands. As the ' receptor-derivatized ' cantilever tip presses into the polymer matrix containing bound ligands, bonds form between the surfaces. A surface with flexible ligands approaches a surface with receptors (a). Oligomeric rings of the sec61p complex induced by ligands required for protein translocation. Differences in free energies caused by mutations, ligands, or salt concentrations will always be more accurate than absolute values. In many biological systems, the concentrations of critical reactants, such as ligands and receptors, are so low that kinetics rather than thermodynamics control interactions. Effective charge on acetylcholinesterase active sites determined from the ionic strength dependence of association rate constants with cationic ligands. Free energy screening of small ligands binding to an artificial protein cavity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands reduce neuronal inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and cell death in vivo. Complementary evidence for the copper and zinc ligands in unfolded azurin came from model peptide studies. In the model suggested by these experiments, and initial calculations, two manganese, the calcium and the ligands form a central cube. Most of these studies used ammonia as ligands rather than imidazoles. The intercellular channel location and the cytoplasmic location of the modulatory sites make it difficult to identify ligands that directly regulate junctional channels. Optical recordings of the effects of cholinergic ligands on neurons in the ganglion cell layer of mammalian retina. Riboswitch structures: purine ligands replace tertiary contacts. All terminal ligands were taken to be hydroxides and waters, the complex was chosen to be neutral and the metal spin-coupling was taken to be ferromagnetic. The endocytic routes by which extracellular ligands, including viruses, are internalised into the cell include clathrin-coated vesicles, caveolae, macropinosomes, and other pathways that presently are poorly characterised. Although assessing circulating or tumour levels of ligands, receptors or enzymes may identify patients most likely to respond to a therapeutic regimen, no preclinical data have supported this approach. In addition, the low levels of tungsten present within the cell indicates that further work to determine the presence or absence of tungsten ligands may require optimization of experimental conditions. 428 linergic ligands on light-evoked responses of several types of rabbit ganglion cells. Biochemistry of the endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors. Although interactions between identical and non-identical family members are common amongst members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, non immunoglobulin superfamily members have also been identi®ed as ligands. The following sections are intended to convey recent thermodynamic findings for the reversible interactions of nucleic acid duplexes with minor groove-binding and intercalator ligands, where distinct mechanisms are involved. Structural interactions of fibroblast growth factor receptor with its ligands. As with proteins, binding of metals or other ligands may either be to preformed sites or motifs, or through induction or selection of a specific binding pocket. In addition to these developmental changes in lectin reactivity, the surface of the developing sporocyst is capable of altering its characteristics in response to the binding of specific ligands. Thus, although there is some overlap in the specificity of relaxin ligands for the two receptors in vitro, this does not seem to be the case in vivo. Specifically, cytotrophoblasts, the effector cells of the placenta, express chemokine receptors that can bind ligands found at key locations, implicating chemokines as regulators of cytotrophoblast differentiation and migration. As mentioned previously, it appears tliat adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells requires the participation of adherence receptors and counterreceptors, or ligands, present on both tissues. We conclude that endocannabinoids are present in the goldfish retina and underlay the electrophysiological effects of cannabinoid ligands previously shown on goldfish cones and bipolar cells. Expression of the genes for the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in porcine corpora lutea. Accumulating evidence is suggesting that different combinational associations of these receptors occur in response to different ligands, thereby allowing innate immunity to recognise a wide range of microbial pathogens. On the other hand, protein molecules in the membrane can readily diffuse to engage oligomerizing ligands, and the resulting juxtaposition is effective in signaling as seen in tyrosine kinase receptors. Intermolecular forces and energies between ligands and receptors. With this interpretation, there should be no thick ' hydration layers ' preventing membranes, proteins, ligands, receptors and other hydrophilic surfaces or groups from coming into contact with each other. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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