| 词汇 | example_english_land-tenure |
| 释义 | Examples of land tenureThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Many women did not have access to land through the landtenure system. As we have shown, the traditional landtenure system has numerous problems. Her own career star ted with concerns for agriculture and landtenure and turned to revolution and revolutionary movements. To address both problems, we grouped landtenure into only two groups: customary and non-customary tenure. Most initiatives (and the title of the volume) focus on wildlife, but landtenure is a recurrent theme in the book as well. This finding is robust to the choice of estimation method, and is supported by a joint test of the significance of the landtenure dummies. In the last simulation, a full landtenure privatization policy experiment is implemented, but under present informational structures; the policy strongly advocated presently by policymakers. It wins popularity by advocating reforms in landtenure, private ownership and entitlement to land, which is still state owned. Consequently, there is no need, from their point of view, to ' reform ' existing landtenure practices. Calls for landtenure reform towards private property in land resurfaced in the 1980s and have been gathering momentum since. They felt that insecure landtenure and political cronyism were creating financial and even political problems. Then it is straightforward to show that landtenure institutions affect tree planting through their effects on land rights. Such information will better inform policymakers concerned with landtenure, resource management, and conflicts in these regions. In 1747, the system of landtenure by which a tenant could be summoned for military service, known as hereditary ward-holding, was abolished. These results indicate that the customary landtenure system has sufficiently strong built-in investment incentives. Information was also gathered from persons known for their expertise on the customary landtenure system and alley farming. Governments and social norms shape the landtenure regimes that determine how far ahead farmers will risk investing in higher productivity. The customary landtenure system has already been discussed but is mentioned here to remind readers that it is one of the customary institutions. Thus, once trees are planted, management efficiency may not be so different among parcels under different landtenure regimes. Finally, their juxtaposition of wage labour against the security of landtenure threatens to polarise the debate into simple either\\or dichotomies. The above discussion indicates that there are alternative motives for landtenure contracts in developing countries. Where net benefits are sizeable, well-crafted policies must address the problems of transition that inevitably accompany even the most sensible of landtenure reforms. The customary landtenure system is governed by the customary institutions. Additionally, unstable landtenure could increase the discount rate of the farmer which would effectively decrease the discounted future benefits of the switch. They were elders of the matrilineage that founded a village, rain priests and managers of the landtenure system. The results also caution against the full privatization of the present landtenure system. We find that the type of landtenure affects technical efficiency significantly. The rapid introduction of foreign landtenure and market institutions caused large segments of the population to be marginalized. Figure 2 compares the cumulative distribution of technical efficiency associated with the different types of landtenure. According to the estimation results in table 8, no landtenure variables are significant in the net revenue functions. However, due to differences in property conditions and landtenure, there were other differences between these groups. The dominance of communal landtenure had given way to private landholding. Women who do not have access to land through landtenure can lease or purchase land. If this null hypothesis is correct, we expect that the landtenure dummy is insignificant in the tree planting function. In other words, the traditional landtenure institutions are generally not inefficient with respect to the decision to plant trees. That explains the origin and prevalence of communal landtenure in the region. Variation in landtenure security was not apparent in the study areas and could therefore only be included as a precondition. The workshop should have been an opportunity for a more profound analysis of the implications of the proposed landtenure reform. In practice, the colonial government recognised certain landtenure traditions and deferred to local elites in the mediation of any serious conflicts over land. Ultimately, the evolution of landtenure relations in both these regions was shaped by such discourses. These criticisms focused attention almost entirely on the impact of technical change on labor and landtenure relations. Yet this problem really lies with the broader customary law of which landtenure is only a small part. Long-term investments in land productivity offer little promise if landtenure is not assured. The landtenure regime is also blamed for a litany of other ills. The fact that landtenure policies evolved in a way that permitted ' outsiders ' to gain access to it contributed to the expansion of cocoa production. We also observe that landtenure institutions in customary land areas have been evolving towards individualized ownership. The majority of the women farmers surveyed (57.2%) did not have access to land through the customary landtenure system. In particular, grazing management, and by implication landtenure, looms as the greatest limitation to adoption of the technology. But they were not exclusively so, and the few exceptions to the prevailing pattern of colonial landtenure are important to note. With strychnine controlling dingoes, and better landtenure, conditions were ripe for the end of shepherding. A compendium of articles on diverse aspects (financial reform, landtenure, housing, urbanisation, health, higher education) of these rapid changes is consequently very welcome. Petitioners for a boundary could go as far as to insist on the assertion of particular landtenure rights to the area in question. Just as important, by 1816 issues of landtenure had changed, and had become less open to debate. The best remedy would be to revise the landtenure regime to resist externally induced pressures. We present an empirical model for testing the effects of landtenure institutions on tree planting and management as well as the choice of fallow. Although landtenure systems are fairly similar in the country, some regional differences may exist. One of the reasons may be the strong security of use rights on inherited land compared to other landtenure categories. However, the use of seed, inorganic fertilizer, and herbicides did not vary by landtenure. In addition to whether the landtenure contracts are statistically different from zero, it is necessary to test whether their respective coefficients are equal. Returns to conservation investments may, for example, be influenced by other constraints such as landtenure policy and lack of credit and consumption smoothing problems. They highlight the important role of economic and institutional factors such as relative prices and changes in landtenure in the evolution of forest resources. The outcome of this debate was also critical because it led to important changes in landtenure. The editor discusses the changing nature of landtenure. Other contributors speak of how the inflexibility of ' feudal ' landtenure relations prevented agricultural change. I have documentation of landtenure cases that lasted as long as six years. 19. The emerging cracks in the landtenure system limit this important resource to a few powerful men in the society. These seven years have witnessed mounting debate on the purpose and direction of landtenure reform. I discuss below other possible reasons why such debate as there has been on gender aspects of landtenure reform has lacked conceptual sharpness. However, as we have highlighted, too relentless a focus on ' smallholder ' landtenure security continues to divert attention from extremely pressing poverty issues. It emphasized individual landtenure and individual enterprise, since development based on communal land tenures were deemed to have failed. The fact is that landlessness had already become a serious problem by 1996, despite the continuing system of landtenure. There are differences between men and women in terms of their access to land through the landtenure system. The disadvantaged status of women in having access to land, through landtenure systems, does not hinder them from adopting alley farming. No matter what form landtenure assumes, land holders must enjoy clear and easily enforceable rights. Lately, traditional landtenure has been blamed for environmental degradation of agricultural land. Among the constraints are informal and insecure landtenure and high transaction costs facing buyers working with numerous smallholders. This seems to suggest that materially their provisions were not as attractive as those of traditional landtenure. These results point towards the need for a comprehensive policy framework towards agriculture in general and landtenure in particular. Another constraint for farmers is insecure landtenure as most farmers have access to tribal land only. That requires retaining the resource base and landtenure from one generation to the next. The effect of alternative landtenure arrangements on agricultural productivity is still unresolved. In addition, there is no agreement on the sources of inefficiencies associated with landtenure systems. This is due to landtenure constraints in the region which allows land to behave as a quasi-fixed input. Effective environmental stewardship has always been largely affected by the incentive structure signaled by property rights and thus landtenure. In order to capture the group ranch landtenure regime, we adopted the following assumptions. Table 2 shows the distribution of sample fields by land use and landtenure regime. It is also frequently stated that insecurity of landtenure is a major reason for environmental degradation. The research throws some light on landtenure and the extent to which tenure restricts grassland improvement. They pay little attention to widows' or daughters' actual needs or the variations in landtenure that determined the choices available to tenants. Instead, one sees no more than a passing acknowledgement of the gender dimensions of landtenure reform. The concepts of individualization and commoditization are useful in discussing the broad sweep of changes in landtenure systems. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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