| 词汇 | example_english_labor-force |
| 释义 | Examples of labor forceThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Nevertheless, increases in women's laborforce activity may mitigate this last factor in the future. Because we cannot distinguish between non-affiliates and affiliates, who have a higher laborforce participation rate, we probably understate the labor force attachment of affiliates. Targeting toward low earners may therefore reward low laborforce participation. The developing world is where the overwhelming majority of children live and where the majority of the laborforce contributing to the global economy resides. The gentry still controlled local courts and constables, useful for muscling their newly-mobile laborforce back into the fields. Share of male laborforce employed in agriculture (ibid). 30. Two contributions deal with women's participation in the laborforce. The civilian laborforce over 16 years old was used to construct per-capita quantities. This is another manifestation of the scale effect of technology; the rich country prefers an improvement in the technology exploited by the larger laborforce. Figure 3, unionization rates dropped from 23 percent of the laborforce in 1980 to 13.5 percent currently. And the departure from the laborforce corresponds very closely to the age at which some form of benefits becomes available. The unemployment inflow is the sum of all individual entries into unemployment, either from employment or from out of the laborforce. Unemployment flows are typically measured from laborforce surveys. The movement of women into the laborforce has offset the decline in male participation and maintained the overall size of the labor pool. The likelihood of dual private pension households is greater, the greater is female laborforce participation. The number of active contributors is 3.5 million workers, or the equivalent to about 55 % of the laborforce. Thus, their entrance into the laborforce as salaried employees has constituted a significant improvement of their situation and that of their families. In 1940, about two-thirds of 65-year-old men participated in the laborforce, compared with 38 per cent in 2001. However, formal laborforce attachment is rewarded differentially in these three countries. Services employed only 31 percent of the laborforce in 1976. They are in the laborforce roughly 50 -70 % as many years in our three sample countries. For example, measuring flexible-price labor supply by the total laborforce involves assuming inelastic labor supply. This is due to the fact that this household makes up a small share of total population as well as the laborforce. These ratios rise at higher educational levels, because of the positive correlation between education and female laborforce participation. Although having more children increased the population and required more food, each family depended on this expanding laborforce to sustain itself. The mean and median annual individual incomes of those in the laborforce were $4,753 and $3,253, respectively. Villages also appear to favor fixed-wage contracts when a greater share of the laborforce out-migrates (row 9). From paid worker to volunteer : leaving the paid laborforce and volunteering in later life. In 2001, the service sector accounted for more than 80% of the non-agricultural laborforce, while the goods-producing sector employed less than 20%. Interestingly, in the rural economy in the same period, the relative size of the wagerelated labor force increased noticeably, from 44.2 percent to 45.2 percent. The change in the structure of the laborforce has another dimension: the characteristics of workers who make up each expanding or contracting occupational group. That is, the laborforce released from the agricultural sector was absorbed into the industrial sector as wageworkers rather than as entrepreneurs. These potential endogenous and exogenous changes in age-specific female laborforce participation rates were not taken into account directly. Married women who work in the laborforce gain substantially from the joint annuity, which they get in addition to their own pension. This book devotes only perfunctory attention to the grave problem of low pension coverage of the laborforce. Yet laborforce aging is not a simple phenomenon, since new technology might boost productivity for older workers. The factor d is the ratio of the active laborforce to the number of retired persons, the inverse of the dependency ratio. Then, from the couple's point of view, the pension is positively related to female laborforce participation. Interestingly, the laborforce employed in the manufacturing sector depends negatively on the productivity-adjusted real wage. It also depends upon the existence of exogenous factors, such as the exogenously growing laborforce and/or technical change. Such improvement is contingent on various factors, primarily that the woman remain in the laborforce. Census 1986, however, includes working children from age six as a part of laborforce. But his main contribution was not so much in specific technology as in organizing production and the laborforce. Numbers are annualized quarterly rates, and are expressed as a percentage of the laborforce. In turn, this implies a shrinking laborforce, which is exacerbated by productivity declines with age. However, our review of research on women's laborforce participation, domestic labor, and patterns of parenthood suggests a very different conclusion. Only very recently has the rate of growth in non-agricultural employment overtaken total laborforce growth. Administrators saw ilmurran as a vast, untapped laborforce and believed that hard labor would give them something ' useful ' to do. The analysis looks 20 years forward, so also members of cohort x2 will be part of the laborforce in 2025. It is important to note that 'early retirement from the system ' does not mean 'retirement from the laborforce ' - these two decisions are separated. Changes in the structure of the laborforce are generally effected by long-run socioeconomic, technological, and demographic changes. Those who are employed and those who are unemployed, together, constitute the active laborforce. However, the minimum age for being included in the laborforce in the census for 1986 is only six. Her critique implies a more negative evaluation of the conservative corporatist regime, insofar as it discourages the participation of women in the paid laborforce. Share of male laborforce employed in agriculture. On the other hand, the medical exam played an important role in the process of building an unskilled, highly mobile laborforce. Hysteresis may not simply be a matter of people losing their ability, or their acceptability, or something, in the laborforce. This finding seems reasonable because an increasing age is associated with a decrease in laborforce participation (13). Should we include only those informal caregivers who are younger than retirement age and thus part of the laborforce, thereby discriminating against others? The fraction of the laborforce over 45 and higher unemployment are both negatively correlated with the rate of cash balance conversions. Figure 4 shows how declines in the growth rate of the laborforce reduce the number of workers per non-working adult ages 65 and older. It is insurance against transient laborforce attachment, mainly by women. It was only after getting married that a man could set up his own household and acquire his own domestic laborforce. The new benefits raised problems, which colonial-era administrators had foreseen, with surveilling and controlling the laborforce. This is unsurprising as fewer women than men are part of the laborforce. This is equivalent to making the simplifying assumption that the loss of labor earnings caused by unemployment is shared across the laborforce. They allow workers greater laborforce mobility and greater control in timing their retirement. More specifically, we focus on the relationships between disposable national income, the decomposition of the laborforce between users and nonusers, and government control efforts. In the 1960s, experts stressed the importance for rapid economic growth of an educated and skilful laborforce. Since these funds were allocated after the worker had left the arsenal, they lost their efficacy in promoting a stable laborforce. Accompanying the increasing laborforce participation of women in the past decades has been an increase in the private pension coverage of female workers. The share of women in the laborforce has no significant effect to the share of contributors in either the random or fixed effects estimation. This means that aggregate female laborforce participation rates will also rise through time. Figure 3 shows the solution of this model for a worker who enters the laborforce at age 23 for the assumptions described above. In saying this, they emphasized the untrained nature of the laborforce. Swedish industry could raise wages to retain its quality laborforce, but only at the immediately intolerable expense of reduced price competitiveness on international markets. Most of the immigrants were employed in the laborforce, although a substantial percentage (25%) were enrolled in school at the time of the census. Women, especially married women, traditionally have less continuous laborforce attachment than men, due to the intra-family division of labor. For example, there exist significant gender differences in terms of enrollment for higher education and participation in the laborforce. In addition, a number of factors unrelated to the design of employer-sponsored pension plans contribute to the reluctance of older adults to remain in the laborforce. We build an overlapping generations model in which skill-biased technological change drives both rising wage inequality and a rising percentage of skilled (educated) workers in the laborforce. In the model economy, skill-biased technological change drives both a rise in wage inequality and an increase in the share of skilled workers in the laborforce. By 1986, in spite of a 25 percent increase in the size of the laborforce, the number of private employees was 1.9 million (39% fewer). In this study, we have concentrated on the overall changes in the composition of the laborforce within the urban and rural economy and the major economic sectors. Much of the empirical work on fertility tries to explain differences in fertility rates based on income, infant mortality, female laborforce participation, female education, and other economic variables. As households save from the sale of these crops and the family laborforce grows, discount rates fall, and investment into perennial crops and cattle becomes a possibility. These variables were related to the laborforce quality and characterized the farmers' attitudes towards the participation of household members and the effectiveness of institutional activities. The decline in men's laborforce participation and income and the changing structure of family economic support. When the rich region produces both goods, an improvement in the poor region's technology induces reallocation of the rich region's laborforce toward the luxury good and increases its welfare. While over 95 per cent of men in their thirties and forties participate in the laborforce, this figure is only around 60 to 70 per cent for women. The next section documents how population aging is transforming the labor market and how the laborforce will likely change in the near future, if current participation rates persist. The invisible hand of the market will raise compensation (wages and benefits) to draw just enough workers into the laborforce to allow supply to meet demand. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。