| 词汇 | example_english_international-law |
| 释义 | Examples of international lawThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Legislation and regulation may be subject to higher-order rules (for example, constitutional rules, presidential vetoes, and internationallaw). Each step of the process could fall under the jurisdiction of internationallaw, if that is what the best nonideal theory required. This foray into public internationallaw is interesting and important. Even though the declaration will not be legally binding on states when adopted, it will be significant in terms of customary internationallaw. They were also trained in internationallaw, geography, and mechanical drawing. Though internationallaw is fraught with many deficiencies, it remains relevant for contemporary international relations. The problem is that those debates have not made sufficient reference to the extant system of rights and duties under internationallaw. But more than this, internationallaw is presented as dynamic and responsive; capable of leaps of imagination. The downplaying of factors that internationallaw has taken into account leads to endorsement of potentially very disruptive proposals. Soft law instruments and norms are thus understood as non-binding in internationallaw but binding in some other manner, for instance, politically. In a constructivist sense, the meaning of what the convention represents can be more powerful than what it actually guarantees under internationallaw. Both majority and minority groups want much more than is, or could reasonably be, guaranteed in internationallaw. Other materials consulted include scholarship on political participation and internationallaw dealing with the right to political participation, minorities, indigenous peoples and human rights. If applied generally, this approach might have the result that conventions are merely placeholders for nascent customary internationallaw. In internationallaw, the doctrine of subjects (or legal persons) determines who may bear rights and obligations. For not only is the treaty grounded in voluntarism, but so, to a certain extent, is all internationallaw. To be a private entails obedience to military superiors-but perhaps not to superiors who order their subordinates to commit atrocities or violate internationallaw. This brief exposition also serves to show that internationallaw is a much richer process than most contemporary moral and political philosophers have acknowledged. Even then it was widely acknowledged to be the outcome of external pressures and an attempt to comply with internationallaw. The prevalent view was that the concept of the equality of states as a fundamental principle of modern internationallaw should be superseded. In order to do so, internationallaw should recognize the set of political human rights that is entailed by the deliberativeness condition. This has no counterpart in domestic or internationallaw. It is regulated in national and internationallaw. A war crime was to be an offence in internationallaw. The convenors seek papers from historians and from scholars in related disciplines such as political science and internationallaw. We have seen the ghostly ways difference is recuperated within internationallaw to reinscribe colonial-type relations of power. Indigenous peoples regularly regard internationallaw as a very important tool for the advancement of their political goals. The blockade clearly was ineffective for some time, so under internationallaw the cabinet could have chosen not to recognize it. If so, his failure to take proper account of extant internationallaw only weakens his argument. I do not wish to offer here any sort of internationallaw definition of each group. By asking these questions of internationallaw, we can help to bridge this gap. Those debates also show how any ethical theory of internationallaw must be able to find a moral justification for special duties. Recognizing these rights under internationallaw was new, however, as was holding states accountable for violations. With respect to the enforceability of treaty obligations, internationallaw works on a model of compliance and consensus rather than enforcement and punishment. Unfortunately, governments tend to ignore this precept of internationallaw in order to accommodate former friendly governments. While lawyers tend to advocate a conceptual framework for human rights strictly defined by internationallaw, social scientists often employ broader conceptualisations. Thus, a newly claimed customary internationallaw must have two kinds of factual basis. Widespread adoption of some practice within a certain region has sometimes sufficed to establish a customary internationallaw with respect to that region. There are also quotations from internationallaw concerning the status of emigrants. In case of a conflict between internationallaw and national law, the positivist assumes that the latter takes precedence over the former. These issues already reverberate in internationallaw circles. In fact, internationallaw offers specific guidelines regarding both situations of a civil war and an invading force. Central to this pair of issues was the legal status of internationallaw. A complex network of security institutions criss-crosses the continent, amounting to a new framework in internationallaw and to new complicated diplomatic procedures. In other words, it was a state which fulfilled the preconditions for official relations and diplomatic recognition in internationallaw. If we by "the precautionary principle" mean a specific principle of national or internationallaw, we have to consider it in that context. There is also growing recognition that just wars also include internationallaw enforcement and humanitarian intervention. This criticism reflects both conceptual and factual misunderstandings about the nature of internationallaw. Chapter 10 contains an account of the principles of internationallaw. Who can participate in the making of internationallaw? Much human rights is actually promoted or underwritten by state law or internationallaw. Thinking beyond these formulae requires that internationallaw be treated as a species of general law rather than state-centred law. A constitutional article explicitly states that internationallaw should prevail over secondary domestic legislation. Against this very different background of fact, internationallaw has developed in a form different from that of municipal law. The idea of special duties may do more legwork in some areas of internationallaw than others. Whether this state of affairs is good for internationallaw or bad for it depends on one's views of impartiality. The history of modern internationallaw does not abound in examples of how to deal with such a situation. By the lights of internationallaw, it was, at least in 1914, no crime to start a war. For precedents of internationallaw supported only two positions. But it is doubtful that internationallaw will ever be able to do more than specify the most minimal of standards. In the source material the measures in question are labelled 'concerted action', 'international guarantees', 'internationallaw enforcement' or 'international sanctions'. Elements are in place not just for a liberal but for a cosmopolitan framework of internationallaw. Unfortunately, troops tend to ignore precepts of internationallaw and often act against their own people. The result was an instant deadlock, as neither side could agree on the position of internationallaw. There was tremendous progress during the next two centuries, continuously extending human rights, even into internationallaw. 16. Second, human rights instruments exist within the established framework of internationallaw, including treaties, agreements, and conventions. This revolutionary doctrine, which had never been accepted in internationallaw, derived its force from this redefinition of state sovereignty. Thus, although internationallaw presumes the juridical equality of states, it in no way requires states to have only equal duties to all other states. After emergence, both states were bound by the general obligations of internationallaw. Carrying out operations that violated every norm of internationallaw, they followed orders that could not be traced directly back to state authorities. Although such commitments often remain fragile, they signal a new approach to the concept of legitimate political power in internationallaw. Another issue linked to internationallaw is the disarming of combatants crossing national borders. One major difficulty with this view of internationallaw is that there is no political or administrative structure to back it up. In terms of modern internationallaw, it became an embarrassing political and legal void - the model case for complete state failure. The real question is why one should rule out so much of internationallaw. My justification lies in philosophical work that highlights the importance of such concerns for ethics and demonstrates their relevance to internationallaw. One such shortcoming is that internationallaw seriously restricts indigenous peoples' opportunities to participate in the international law-making processes; that is treaty and customary law. Traditionally, the doctrine has been rather clear: states are the subjects of internationallaw. One might well enquire concerning the kind of self-determination rights the present system of internationallaw accords to indigenous peoples. It is important to recognise the power of institutionalised traditions of thought, such as internationallaw, in the conduct of international relations. Moreover, it was inconsistent with the internationallaw of the sea in some important aspects. Firmness in applying internationallaw is the best way of promoting international peace and strengthening state sovereignty. However, it is stressed that adopting the guidelines as a binding instrument will have foreseeable repercussions under internationallaw. The late nineteenth-century controversies deserve more attention, although not from the old, arid perspective of internationallaw. Therefore, internationallaw must be enforced to protect individuals from leaders who use state institutions for personal ambition, greed and nepotism. In the context of internationallaw, it is indeed in areas where morality seems most relevant or indeed decisive, that universal legal obligations are most often pursued. The present article builds on this model by considering the role of bottom-up, feminist engagement with internationallaw in the political process of achieving gender justice in transitions. How to describe and appraise internationallaw in a way that contributes to debates among philosophers presents a challenge for both the international lawyer and the philosopher. The polar regions and the development of internationallaw. Polar regions and the development of internationallaw. Even though internationallaw seems to be an important means for indigenous peoples to advance their goals, these peoples should be aware of its inherent limitations. But at this stage the norms of internationallaw play a fundamental role. Much work has already been done in the context of internationallaw to emphasize how medical, scientific, and environmental developments can negatively and positively impact human rights. Part 1 examines the basis for the court's jurisdiction, the substantive norms applied by the court, and its attitude to the application and interpretation of internationallaw. Although sieges, blockades, and attacks on ambulances are sometimes necessary to fight terror, exceptions to internationallaw and claims of military necessity cannot underwrite a sweeping norm of unacceptable behavior. If the precautionary principle is interpreted as a principle of national or internationallaw, it is implicitly or explicitly stated to what threats it is supposed to apply. In internationallaw, the mainstream understanding considers soft law instruments and forms of co-operation as things waiting to become hard law, that is treaty law or customary law. A nation whose own constitution is entirely monist with regard to internationallaw depends for its independence upon the pleasure of the makers and interpreters of internationallaw. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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