| 词汇 | example_english_interest-group |
| 释义 | Examples of interest groupThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. I also investigate whether the cohesiveness or fragmentation of interestgroup preferences affects bureaucratic responsiveness. In addressing them, we begin with a summary of the extant literature on interestgroup formation. For example, the journal reading club model has been used elsewhere as has the uni-professional interestgroup. We then explore interestgroup strategies for influencing politicians and voters, in particular informational activities aimed at the larger public and policy-makers. In such a scenario, interestgroup influence should be substantial. When assessing interestgroup lobbying success we must consider what they sought and what they got, allowing room for degrees of success. Hence, this pattern of interestgroup activity leads to capture. At this stage, the movement is invested in conventional politics and may be hard to distinguish from an interestgroup. A misfit of identity and issue is possible if the interestgroup lacks control over its agenda. I operationalize interestgroup influence by coding the written comments provided by organized interests. The delayed stabilization model argues that conflict causes a delay in implementing policy, as each interestgroup attempts to increase its share of the benefits. This kind of public interestgroup is more likely to be active in liberal democracies. Again, the interestgroup coefficient is diminished from 3.801 to 2.723 under higher levels of congressional observation. Again, the interestgroup variable is significant and in the predicted direction. Mass movements or, for that matter, vigorous action by public officials may upset the interestgroup balance. In addition, political economists have developed bottom up explanations focusing on interestgroup politics and corporate behaviour. The only way to know is to ask the interestgroup leaders themselves about their motivations. Our conclusions need to be of a certain kind for us to be genuine advocates and not merely one more special interestgroup. The political rhetoric of an integrated rural policy is not matched by an appropriate interestgroup population. Whenever institutions make decision-makers rely on interestgroup resources, interest groups should gain influence over policy outcomes. An interestgroup approach focusing exclusively on concentrated winners and losers is unlikely to offer adequate explanations. Why might agency officials respond to interestgroup preferences? A related but more problematic function is that of a professionals' interestgroup. When discussing interestgroup influence, scholars often slip into a simplistic discussion that suggests a zero-sum game in which policy outcomes are winner-take-all. To counter this effect a political party may offer some protection to the president from the interestgroup. The third section presents the empirical analysis relating institutional, issue and interestgroup factors to lobbying success. Therefore, if an interestgroup succeeds in mobilizing political actors at another governance level, it may indirectly put pressure on its domestic government. Radical experiments were conducted in both sectors and met strong interestgroup opposition. The third feature concerns the structure of the interestgroup system. How do our results relate to dominant theories of interestgroup formation? A political system featuring extensive group marketing might lack many of the attractive features once associated with the development of wider interestgroup participation. Their main impact will be to force some indeterminate mix of technical economic adjustments and to influence dispersed interestgroup preferences and mobilization. These may force political leaders to change policies against the grain of concentrated interestgroup preferences. The aesthetic judgment of painting in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was hardly the property of any one political or social interestgroup. He does not think it possible or even desirable to block private interestgroup activity in campaigns. Autonomous agencies avoid strong alliances with one or the other party, and they eschew dependence upon one interestgroup. Finally, social movements drove the issue forward till interest groups transformed (or co-opted) the campaign into standard interest-group and party politics. As science became an interestgroup, speaking "as a scientist" came to mean something different. I account for organizational preferences and the subsequent strategies that derive from these preferences by investigating interestgroup organizational identity. When an advisory body becomes an interestgroup as well, at that moment it stops being a useful advisory body. Another interestgroup characteristic that shows a strong relationship to lobbying success is the position of the advocate. This finding suggests that other factors, such as issue and interestgroup characteristics are needed to explain variation in lobbying success. Bankruptcy lawyers were not, however, the only interestgroup that influenced bankruptcy law during the 1930s. How important are interestgroup organization and mobilization or related dimensions of the electoral environment? The interestgroup has attempted to navigate a narrow boundary between insider and outsider politics, making any concrete statement of its political identity elusive. Many of the war-damaged were also willing to recognise that they were an interestgroup like other groups. The special issue is the fruit of two workshops where researchers presented specially commissioned papers using different approaches to interestgroup influence. This analysis has made clear a few points that should be kept in mind when we consider interestgroup influence. In other words, aggregate voters in a region act as if they are a special interestgroup in a game of dividing resources. The rule in most studies of interestgroup development is to focus on either internal variables or external variables. This is not a criticism: gathering population-level data on interestgroup formation is exceptionally difficult. In sum, the theory of density dependence is not a complete departure from the dominant theories of interestgroup formation. Next, we outline a novel approach that has great promise for improving our understanding of interestgroup formation - organizational ecology. From here, drawing extensively on the organizational ecology framework, we formulate two substantive hypotheses about interestgroup formation. The most convincing argument points toward the possibility of committing a governments' policy against domestic interestgroup politics, thereby stabilizing exporters' expectations in general. Consequently, interaction effects between female elected officials and women's interestgroup membership are also included in the model. This argument is tested with a dataset of forty rules and 1,444 interestgroup comments. The direct effect of interestgroup influence remains significant. This paper's main refinement is to explore the nature and implications of 'dispersed' interestgroup preferences. These feedback effects are unlikely to have a significant impact on the preferences, mobilization, and relative sizes of concentrated interestgroup coalitions. Significant policy changes are not well explained by relatively unchanged concentrated interestgroup pressures. In democracies, resulting changes in dispersed interestgroup orientations will have strong influences through elections. In so doing, he demonstrates how centre-periphery as well as interestgroup politics are mediated by electoral rules and party systems. Although plausible, this begs the question of what accounts for the lag between sectoral change, interestgroup power, and public policy? Each interestgroup is trying to convince policy-makers that its favoured policy is beneficial or at least not politically damaging to them. In this article we have focused on endogenising public perceptions in an interestgroup model that explains regulatory outcomes from the bottom up. Public perceptions, interestgroup politics and corporate behaviour play a key role in several of these mechanisms. The rules were promulgated by four government agencies, garnered 1,444 interestgroup comments and spanned seven years. They were defeated politically because of the overwhelming dispersed interestgroup support, mostly from the urban service sector, for rapid market reform. I refer to this as lobbying success to be precise and draw a distinction between this measure and the broader concept of interestgroup influence. Further each capital has its specific 'curator' or interestgroup. The expellees seemed less inclined to admit to being an interestgroup. One, the list server, distributes the messages it receives to every member of a special interestgroup. Moreover, organized medicine came to be regarded by many as representing a particular economic interestgroup. The second main explanation of financial liberalization - the 'crisis' approach - is based on a third limitation of the concentrated interestgroup approach. The existing approaches emphasize concentrated interestgroup influences, along with the effects of policy-induced (or exogenous) shocks. Other factors, such as interestgroup strength and organization, were important as well. But having lost as an interestgroup to banks and the merchant class, industrialists had to operate against considerable odds-at least, at the policy level. This argument contrasts with those based strictly on interestgroup and ideological theories of voting. These findings demonstrate that when congressional attention is low, then the full effect of the interestgroup coefficient (6.032) acts upon the dependent variable. Under low levels of congressional attention, the full effects of the interestgroup coefficient remain (3.801) on the dependent variable. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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