| 词汇 | example_english_inflorescence |
| 释义 | Examples of inflorescenceThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Vegetative reproduction, however, counteracts this by increasing the number of inflorescences of the same genotype. Of the 27 unbagged inflorescences from which insect collections were made, 19 were males, six were females, and two were bisexuals. To exclude i nsect visitors, we completely covered 3-5 unopened inflorescences with mosquito gauze (mesh size: 1 mm). The final treatment was unmanipulated female inflorescences exposed to both wind and insect pollination modes (open pollination). Inflorescences per tree were quantified by counting the inflorescences of a representative part of the tree crown and then extrapolating to the whole crown. Floral odour production was assayed by enclosing several male and female inflorescences in separate test tubes for 1 h to let any fragrance concentrate. The hybrid material is highly feminine, and the rare male inflorescences that appear produce only a small amount of viable pollen. Moreover, we identify the volatile compounds emitted by the inflorescences that may be implicated in beetle attraction. In our sample, about 83% of species exhibited compound inflorescences, although it is not known how this compares to floras of other regions. Mean values of three control inflorescences from the same plant were used for statistical comparison. The wasps are deceived into pollinating the inflorescences on female plants, but fail to reproduce. In both cases, the infloresences are generally similar in size except for the peduncles of the male inflorescences which are longer than the female's. Such flowers in low numbers are easily overlooked among numerous male inflorescences and may be more frequent than reports suggest. Of the female inflorescences, c. 45% abort - 20.7 and 24.8% during the bud and the anthesis stages, respectively. Male inflorescences were not encountered on female individuals. The study of dormancy of seeds from inflorescences provides important information. The mean number of inflorescences in flower and infructescences per individual plant of the species is represented by open and shaded area respectively. The number of flowering inflorescences is represented by a dot. We counted the flowers produced in at least 10 inflorescences per tree, and counted inflorescences on different branches totalling 35-50% of the crown. The following are summaries of the pollination behaviour of the common flower visitors to male and female piassava inflorescences. Thus, it appears that male inflorescences represent the real target of most insects, and that females induce visitation through olfactory or perhaps visual cues. The inflorescences produced in the flowering peak have the highest effect on fruit production. In 27% of the inflorescences, flowers did not develop into fruits. Figures are number of geckos observed on inflorescences. All plants were marked and mapped, and the plant height, number of inflorescences and number of fruits were recorded for each relevant individual plant. Insect visitors prior to treatment contaminated two of the inflorescences and another was used exclusively for voucher specimens of flower parts and visitors. Finally, we noted whether trees had reproduced or not, as determined by the presence on the trunk of scars representing past inflorescences. Species that frequented male inflorescences frequented females as well. Bagging experiments were carried out on 17 developing inflorescences on different individuals. In such a case, pistillate flowers on female inflorescences would receive pollen from staminate flowers on male inflorescences. The flowering cycle of this species is similar to that commonly found in taxa with inflorescences consisting of unisexual flowers that are pollinated by beetles. The number of inflorescences on the same plant that each insect visited was also noted. Self-pollination was tested by bagging 15 other inflorescences prior to their opening. If inflorescences fruited, the numbers of fruits and aborted fruits were counted. Another explanation could be that many of the inflorescences were in fact self-pollinated since they could grow on different stems that were genetically similar. Thirdly, very few inflorescences flowered in synchrony, increasing the probability of cross-pollination. After 6h00, the inflorescences were empty and virtually no pollen was left on the flowers. We also show that self-pollination can lead to self-fertilization because over 70% of inflorescences hand-pollinated with self-pollen set seeds. Most notably, teosinte possesses long lateral branches that are tipped by tassels (staminate inflorescences), while maize has short lateral branches tipped by ears (pistillate inflorescences). Thus, plants with taller inflorescences produced no more seeds, nor larger seeds, than plants with shorter inflorescences. The highest density of beetles was on first-day inflorescences, immediately after bud opening at 06h00 until 12h00, and again after sundown at 18h00. Direct observations of visitor activity were made at least three times daily on 1-d-old to 3-d-old inflorescences (n = 20 d). Only insects commonly found on male inflorescences are included. Regression analyses were conducted to test relationships between plant height and production of inflorescences, flowers and seed-set. Each morning we recorded all ramets producing inflorescences, and censused the number of beetles within each spathe tube. All ramets were mapped to estimate the movements of dynastine beetles between inflorescences. We counted the number of staminate, pistillate and sterile flowers in nine inflorescences. Individual plants showed a great variation in number of inflorescences produced. In contrast, no insects or other visitors were observed on pistillate inflorescences. Eight of the collections came from bagged inflorescences. Male inflorescences are a hub of activity, with each of the nearly 4000 staminate flowers playing host to one to several insects. He noted also that the staminate flowers on inflorescences that contained pistillate flowers were often sterile. In many species the inflorescences are produced near the ground. In rare cases, a few female or hermaphrodite inflorescences (with rudimentary parts) were found on male individuals. Apart from pollen from the male inflorescences, female flowers do not offer any obvious reward for flower visitors. We quantified flowering bromeliad species by walking each trail and recording all bromeliads within view that had active inflorescences. There are no morphologically distinct structures within the inflorescences and no recognizable size or positional hierarchies within individual plants. Most inflorescences were compound, with only 17% of species recorded as having solitary flowers. Most species are easily distinguished by their highly attractive, double inflorescences and imbricate calyx-lobes. In dioecious figs, inflorescences on female plants produce seeds, while conversely male plants produce just pollinators and pollen. On the third day, in the early morning hours (around 3h00), released pollen stuck to the beetles which then left the inflorescences at daybreak. Inflorescences treated with outcross pollen matured 96% of the time while only 74% of inflorescences matured in the control (naturally pollinated) group. The number of inflorescences in anthesis per plant with and without dye (and the colour of the dye) was recorded each day. Moreover, beetles used inflorescences as feeding and mating sites. Furthermore, some potentially fertilized inflorescences did not produce any fruits. Females and males varied in the number of inflorescences produced, so that females produced 1-12 and males 1-23 inflorescences. Males produce more flowers and inflorescences than females. Female inflorescences are covered with pistillate flowers and small, fibrous, sterile staminate flowers. Examination of individuals collected from bagged female inflorescences indicate that they carry pollen. Anemophily was tested by placing 72 sticky slides in the vicinity of fresh male inflorescences. Even sticky slides placed less than 1 m from fresh inflorescences exhibited no sign of trapped pollen. In the chiropterophilous species the capitula are much larger and typically borne on long, pendent peduncles arranged in little-branched inflorescences. Mature inflorescences have a distinctive structure, with a distal umbrella of rays subtending dichotomously grown cyathia. Most inflorescences opened only a single flower per night (96% of all observed flowering), however, occasionally (4%) we observed 2 consecutive flowers opening simultaneously. On male trees, inflorescences are in fascicles, whereas on female trees, they are solitary. The spathes of young inflorescences, not yet open, were green. However, 8% of inflorescences not visited by dynastines were probably pollinated by nitidulids, because handpollination experiments showed that self-pollination was unlikely. Besides carrying pollen to the inflorescences, nitidulid beetles had a negative effect on female reproductive success through fruit predation. Relative abundance of both dynastine species visiting the inflorescences was estimated using all the captures throughout the 2001 flowering season. The dendrites extensively branch in a candelabra-type pattern ending in ter tiary dendrites displaying thorn-like inflorescences. One to two tillers and inflorescences developed under long days, and 9-10 under short days, while the plants started to flower much later than under long days. Male inflorescences produce exclusively fertile staminate flowers. Although the inflorescences last just 1 day, their production tends to be synchronized within localized groups of trees. Such elongated inflorescences confer a distinctive appearance during full blooming. The number of flowering inflorescences on each individual is represented by a dot. At each census, the numbers of inflorescences before flowering, inflorescences in flower and infructescences were recorded for each individual plant. The flowering cycle was observed on 17 inflorescences over 5 consecutive days. Anthesis in female inflorescences lasts almost twice as long as in male inflorescences and only the latter have any odour. Pollination studies revealed that assisted pollination did not significantly improve fruit production or seed quality over unpollinated or naturally pollinated inflorescences. Secondly, inflorescences were visited by numerous nitidulids almost always loaded with pollen. We isolated 3-6 inflorescences per plant and used 1-2 inflorescences for each of four treatments: selfpollination, cross-pollination, no pollination, and natural pollination. The visits we recorded at inflorescences without open flowers indicate that bats may monitor inflorescences they have visited on previous nights. Interestingly, on three inflorescences that had no open flower on the respective night we recorded one, four and three bat visits. In each observation unit, we observed several inflorescences simultaneously in the lower third of the crown. We found an increase in the number of fruits produced when inflorescences were visited by more than one beetle. Five female and eight male plants (out of 25 and 37 plants, respectively) produced 45% of all inflorescences in the population studied. They occur with equal frequencies on male and female inflorescences. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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