| 词汇 | example_english_infection |
| 释义 | Examples of infectionThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. If that proportion is greater than 9 0 % in both treatment groups, the primary endpoint will be the occurrence of mixed infections. Factors affecting infections of mammals with intraerythrocytic protozoa. The parasites all occurred as natural infections in the eyes of perch. Results from the model system presented here demonstrate the potential of acquired immune responses to regulate nematode infections. Even if colonization rate is low, a snail population can develop high trematode prevalence, if infections persist long and the host is long-lived and abundant. Table 3 shows that there was no significant difference between the total number of worms of each species present in the concurrent and control infections. If differential susceptibility on the part of the parasites were important, one would expect mixed infections of living and dead parasites to be relatively common. Respiratory infections (12/137), anxiety or panic symptoms (4/137) and sleeping problems (6/137) formed minor groups. Freshwater-adapted schistosome cercariae that emerge from snail hosts undergo profound changes when they penetrate skin to initiate infections. In the experiment, clonal diversity of the donor and recipient infections was not determined directly. Parasites that had not reached the mature metacercariae stage were assumed to be experimental infections. Conditions under which single- and multiple-species infections can accumulate are considered. They were continuous except for the 2nd-5th months of egg production in primary infections, when direct observations were made for 7 days per month. Little information exists on the potential effectiveness of amphibian defensive responses against helminth infections. Reduced host reproductive success was suggested to be directly due to the genetic heterogeneity of the parasitic infections resulting in increased host defence costs. We focus on zoonotic infections, although the principles that serve as the basis for this review certainly apply to emerging tick-borne infections of veterinary importance. The ehrlichioses, rickettsioses and babesiosis represent the full spectrum of ' emerging ' tick-borne infections - old, new and rediscovered. Such data would help to explain the high yield of cercariae in both single and multiple miracidial infections. Variations between populations of the parasite obtained by monomiracidial infections were reported. Overcrowding, together with poor sanitation, illiteracy and a complete lack of veterinary attention places this community at a high risk of acquiring zoonotic infections. Whether it is possible to build up an antibody response by repeated infections and whether this has any influence on resistance remains to be investigated. Results from the niche width analysis also support the observations on average position in single and concurrent infections. Natural bathing waters have been recognized as sources of infections, especially enteric infections [22-27]. Risk factors for campylobacter infections have been studied in several case-control studies [2-4]. The other 14% of complications were considered minor in four patients: two infections and two contractures. Brody asks if it is ethical for patients to request antibiotics for common upper respiratory infections. Although harmless most of the time, it can cause boils, abscesses and secondary infections in wounds. The only interaction that was consistent with the diathesis-stress model was one involving the number of ear infections as the environmental risk variable. Complications and side effects involve haematological toxicity, diarrhoea, vomiting and infections. Additionally, infections are more severe and have distinct features with respect to clinical manifestation and treatment in this age group. However, there are significant complications of blood-stage infections, which lead to severe morbidity and, in a proportion of cases, mortality. They found that fewer breast-fed infants developed infections. Maternal causes of fetal distress include comorbidities, medications, recreational drugs, infections, metabolic abnormalities, toxins, hypothermia, and seizures. In doing so, the immune system is alerted by the entry of only a few intruders as occurs in natural infections. The incidence of severe infections post transplant has been investigated by several groups. Death can result from infections, haemophagocytosis, renal or cardiac amyloidosis, or myocardial infarction. Respiratory infections and diarrhoea both reached peak incidences between the ages of 6 and 24 months when children are at highest risk of malnutrition. However, our previous study showed that there was almost no correlation between symptoms and titre levels [2], therefore, most of these infections were probably asymptomatic. Overall, all strategies determine a major decrease in the number of primary infections (over 95 % decrease when compared to the pre-vaccine era). In men, most infections are mild [21] and if untreated the duration of carriage is estimated to be 1-4 months [22]. Based on the contact infections observed, transmission parameters were estimated with generalized linear models. In 1999 and 2000, no marked seasonal elevation of parvovirus infections occurred and the absolute number of reported cases was low. A number of infections are known to produce congenital defects, if exposure occurs during a critical time of pregnancy. 85 and are subject to bacterial, fungal and rust infections and insect infestations which can cause considerable loss in both quantity and quality. Also, drug-resistant organisms might emerge, making the treatment of subsequent infections more difficult. Treatment recommendations for respiratory tract infections associated with aging. A variety of infections can cause haemolysis via a nonimmune method, such as malaria and clostridium, in which the intracellular organisms trigger red cell breakdown. Altogether these data recall attention on the pathogenesis and consequences of acute and persistent infections in the mammalian thalamus. In addition, 9% of patients died, 9% developed seizures, and 18% had significant postoperative infections. In order to control nosocomial infections of resistant organisms, certain isolation measures should be diffused and fulfilled. However, in light infections, an acute stage cannot usually be observed. Elucidation of the full extent of behavioural and mental changes during acute infections may thus have important implications for road and work place safety. The symptom profiles vary somewhat across the three cohorts illustrating differences in the severity and pattern of illness expression of the three acute infections. In most countries, newer second-line antimicrobial agents are expensive and, therefore, unavailable to the majority of the population, causing many infections to become effectively untreatable. However, compared to the total number of endoscopic procedures carried out, reports of associated infections are very low. Summarizing an immune response in one variable allows quantitative comparisons among immune responses, across hosts and across infections. However, non-typable clones were also encountered in relatively large numbers and as could be seen from their sources, they were also involved in invasive infections. Second, slower growing clones would be expected to lose out in competitive interactions in mixed infections. Members of this subtype are known to cause chronic infections in humans. Understanding chronic nematode infections : evolutionary considerations, current hypotheses and the way forward. The most commonly mentioned conditions were: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, cancer; cerebrovascular disease, and, recurrent chest infections. Two types of alveolar bone loss are associated with such infections: horizontal and vertical bone loss. In the second differential equation for infected animals, the positive terms are : births of infected offspring, horizontal infections, spontaneous infections and feed-mediated infections. Non-linearities in the dynamics of indirectly-transmitted infections (or, does having a vector make a difference?). However, the transmission dynamics of many bacterial infections are much slower, more variable, and less easy to keep track of. Our surveillance data do not seem to be sensitive enough to detect mumps outbreaks within this relatively small population, especially as many infections remain subclinical. Experimental infections of rabbits with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus monitored by polymerase chain reaction. In experimental infections, no adult worms or larvae were recovered from mice infected orally and peritoneally nor from chicks infected orally. Attempts to establish infections in candidate experimental hosts other than ducklings were not successful. In general, associations between the helminth species were positive, which implies that more multiple species infections are observed than would be expected under independence. In all 11 mixed infections, a blood sample was tested in the immediately following month. Technical report : prevention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines and antibiotics prophylaxis. In most instances only community-acquired infections are shown in detail, since nosocomial infections do occur unexpectedly. At the early stages of the epidemic the majority of infections are in this farm category. The average number of secondary infections was 1.04 in this age range. Both viruses cause subclinical infections in laboratory mice that are more than 24 h old. The infections in animals destined for autopsy on day 30 were restricted to 100 and below to limit possible mortality. Nonetheless, less intense infections could produce lesser compromise of the parenchyma. However, these observations in mice may not have much practical application as human infections are usually diagnosed at a later stage. Eosinophils were therefore mainly involved in protection against tissue migrating worms in secondary infections. The overall prevalence of larval trematode infections in the habitats ranged between 0.3 and 24.4% (table 1). Tests for bacterial and viral infections were ultimately negative. Inevitably, the incontinent patient needs cleaning and drying at very frequent intervals, to prevent infections such as cystitis. Half of the residents reported bacterial, viral or fungal infections within 1 month of exposure (50 %, 8 sites). Diagnostic and demographic accuracy are needed in order to enable reliable evaluation of geographic clustering of specific emerging infections or syndromes. Medicinal properties in the plants used for baths may help alleviate any subclinical infections these dogs might have due to their poor condition. Treatment of chronic infections therefore calls for new strategies. Mediastinal infections in infants undergoing palliative staged procedures for congenital heart lesions may be chronic and indolent, resulting in delayed repair of congenital heart lesions. Intuitively, eradication implies that the infections saved from a policy deviation do not degrade. Then, the number of infections rises and the system enters the same type of epidemic cycle. Eradication would increase costs in the short run, and prevent a few additional infections. Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature and more than 60% of all microbial infections are now believed to involve biofilms. Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, but they are also a major cause of nosocomial infections. The greater the number of flies and the more widespread the networks of their contacts, the more rapidly any infections were spread. We also recognize that viral infections and maternal stress must account for only a portion of the cases of schizophrenia and affective disorders. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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