| 词汇 | example_english_individualism |
| 释义 | Examples of individualismThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. However, his book focuses on those areas of family life and law where there is considerable scope for individualism and choice. The modern notion of freedom of the individual has become linked with fundamental ideas about the self and individualism. As structural explanations are not inconsistent with ontological individualism, we conclude that both structural and individualist explanations are acceptable and indispensable. The right offers political influence to the church, and the church, in turn, accentuates moral individualism that diverts the public from their concern on redistribution. Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence : a self-determination theory perspective on internalisation of cultural orientations and well-being. By contrast, the criterion of consumer sovereignty is not a direct implication of the principle of normative individualism. Charges of ' vacillation ' and ' individualism ' were levelled against him. In practice, the framework of liberal equality, however, does not adapt well to encompass individualism. However, in a developed world culturally moulded by individualism, the myth that we can know ourselves through examining ourselves continues to hold sway. Moreover, these aspects of modernity were inextricably intertwined with the growth of self-interest, individualism, and ambition. Therefore, the regression coefficients for economic individualism and equal opportunity opposition should be positive. In the 1980s, they proudly flaunted their individualism, outside social norms. The character impersonation of bourgeois theatre expresses a social and political ideology based on individualism. The reproach against the individualism of art is so pathetically wretched simply because it overlooks the social nature of this individualism. Their world-view was typically bourgeois, embracing struggle, competition, individualism and the elitism of merit. The resultant individualism spawned by the new economy is considered by these countries to be an anathema. We claim that this choice for methodological individualism is based on the link with ontological individualism, the ' 'natural' ' ally (see above). If the fundamental methodological commitments of mainstream economics include ' 'methodological individualism' ', what is it that ultimately distinguishes social explanation from purely psychological explanation, writ large? However, it is not hard to think of cases that favour individualism. Perhaps it is best to try to account for what seems right about both individualism and universalism. Methodological individualism ceased to be equated with ontological individualism. Why is gift theory relevant to the understanding of a novel that openly extols the advantages of self-help and economic individualism? The issue of "individualism," as presented earlier, probably loses relevance as the method became incorporated. Possessed individualism is a way of describing the changing consciousness of the individual. In its application to democratic polities as citizens' cooperatives, the principle of normative individualism directly implies the criterion of citizen sovereignty. The principle of egalitarian individualism is regarded as axiomatic. When words like "autonomy" or "individualism" acquire an unexamined negative charge, the creative exploration of autobiography can all too easily shut down. Improved education, a concomitant of technological change and economic development, is promoting individualism and rational questioning of authority. Economists are regularly criticized for carrying methodological ("metaphysical" would be the more appropriate word in the typical context of debate) individualism to silly extremes. In this respect these texts were actually complicit in the depreciation of individualism and the projection of uniformity. Such limitations have a serious effect on quality of life, particularly for those who attach a high value to individualism and self-determination. His thinking combined individualism with a sense of the historical contingency of human existence in society. Another concerns the role of solidarity and communitarianism, as opposed to individualism and choice, in guaranteeing access to healthcare. Slow growth in wages tends to heighten the appeal of economic individualism while casting a moral pall on the cross-subsidies that "progressive" social measures require. While such recursion may violate game theory's constraints, we think it is descriptively accurate, prescriptively rational, and it does not entail abandoning methodological individualism. Individualism requires the individual to do the individual act available that will have the best expected consequences, given what other individuals are expected to do. The second aim of our paper is to show how our explanatory pluralism is compatible with ontological individualism. The second aim of the paper is to show how this explanatory pluralism is compatible with ontological individualism. He distinguishes four generic forms of 'individualism', some of which come in alternative versions. The buildings produced by autonomous architects emphasised their uniqueness, their originality and individualism; significantly, most of the commissions were public buildings, especially museums. In fact, it is impossible to accommodate team reasoning in these approaches, because they all rely implicitly on methodological individualism. Perhaps more importantly, evidential reasoning preserves methodological individualism in common-interest games. While striving for a collective reference point, the generalisations are infused with a methodological individualism. One should also be aware of what assumptions are encoded in a social science model-for example, economic models frequently assume rational individualism. We explore the idea that this form of partnership further signals the spread of 'selfish individualism' and a 'flight from commitment'. His liberalism was made conditional upon time, necessary for the development of rational individualism. The reason may be partly that rational choice and goal-oriented individualism makes social scientists in the older cultures nervous. In this sense, the 'methodological individualism'112 that characterizes rational choice analysis becomes 'methodological nationalism'113 for realist accounts of state action. Such disputes make it unlikely that one could set forth in uncontroversial terms just what the modern commitments to individualism or autonomy consist of. Pentecostalism, for example, is viewed as antithetical to ethnic identity because of its fervent belief in universalism and individualism. His later work would take a wholly different course, towards a marked elitist individualism. Individualism was linked to capitalism, liberalism, and an incipient industrial revolution, these three together breaking out of a medieval and religious consensus. Rational choice approaches rely upon methodological individualism, aggregating preferences smoothly and uniformly from the individual to generalize at the macro level. The agent of change, however, remained "vague" and the value of individualism to human progress remained largely "unexplained". He is especially featured in leftwing social histories attacking nineteenth-century bourgeois individualism. Individualism is an attitude and a pursuit, often an expensive one, common to late modern societies, but is far from being a cultural ideal worldwide. Surely, they are more than small villages subject to individualism, anonymity, and competition. Individualism had to be ordered and disciplined by law, religion, and custom. His extreme individualism and unconventional life-style (for example, he had an "open-marriage" and "open house") did not lend itself to being judged by psychoanalysts. Overall, a movement from communalism towards individualism appears to be common throughout the community. Underlying this view is the value of individualism, which stresses the virtues of independence, autonomy, and self-reliance (74;93). Lawyers still exuded individualism - men who had risen by their personal talent and eloquence. In this state of social individualism and weak or non-existent social authority, ideas are similarly individual. The idea emerges that a community may rely upon a model of possessed individualism. Explanatory individualism is another name for the small-grain preference. Presumably membership in such active, reciprocal communities would allow citizens to ward off the perils of excessive individualism and nationalism. Rethinking individualism and collectivism : evaluation of theoretical assumptions and metanalysis. Market individualism has attacked the collective assumptions of western welfare states and the whole way of life of the planned economies of former communist countries. In this way, possessed individualism is modeled after colonization. Authoritarian claims of the "free" professions undermined liberal individualism and rights. The difference between individualism and universalism is not trivial. In each country, color-blind ideals of individualism have contended with collective, race-conscious notions of political identity for dominance in the shaping of race policy. I argue here that the cognitivist approach, within a "methodological individualism" framework, provides a more adequate description of phenomena observed in the field. I suggest that, in trying to avoid absolute priority, the derivatively egalitarian priority views presented in the previous sections combine individualism and utilitarian anti-individualism. On the other hand, the rise of individualism reduced parents' expectations of being supported and cared for in their old age by their children. Lyric poetry is nowhere to be found and the realist novel has disappeared along with its precondition of bourgeois individualism. Relationism or systemism takes the strengths of both individualism and collectivism. The poem operates by writing a romantic model of individualism, the outsider who is at one with nature, into the landscape. The single major point of agreement (by eleven of the twenty-three respondents) was that individualism was threatened. Thus, something of the uniqueness, individualism and originality associated with art could also be identified with the mass culture which imitated high-art. Individualism and long-term orientation were the only significant cultural variables, both with a positive effect. In order to assess this claim, we need to get a handle on exactly what the thesis of 'individualism' amounts to. However, their study goes on to emphasize structural pressures as well as 'individualism ' as possible factors which may have led tenants to alienate land. The individualism transformation is no transformation at all: it is simply maximization of individual payoffs. To the contrary, rejecting individualism does not mean that we ignore the fact that individuals vary in the characteristics they bring to interaction. Although collectivism is not susceptible to the criticisms of individualism's methodological approach, it does not offer a significant counter-ontology, and is therefore inferior to the realist approach. Liberalism, it is sometimes said, is a form of individualism. Nineteenth-century individualism emancipated the lecture from the compendium, without, of course, being able to guarantee the originality of what was presented in lecture. The captains of industry might prove to be a hindrance to adaptation just because their rough individualism is a survival from the past. Individualism among today's members of congress has also been heightened by electoral considerations. The disparate perspectives of holism and individualism can best be appreciated by looking once again at individualism, and at the intuitions sustaining it. My account of individualism therefore emphasises a set of features, central to this problem, which also define a distinctively individualist interest in explanation. The self-interested individualism of that period, the basis of capitalism, was to be ultimately chastened and socialised in the positive stage. Underpinning that diversity was a highly self-assertive individualism. They formulate a critical archaeology that recognises the struggles against individualism, against the limits of the possible, and then asks what happened to the alternatives. Rather, the idea of absolute autonomy, via autonomy's association with uniqueness and individualism, has instigated the desirability of contemporary architecture. Giving to monasteries tempered the individualism, and targeted the charity. One version of the argument is easy to reject because it involves a serious confusion about methodological individualism. They also show the way in which identity is negotiated on a daily basis, coexisting with new and rediscovered forms of individualism. Even youth styles were affected by this new spirit of individualism, consumerism and acquisitiveness. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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