| 词汇 | example_english_income-tax |
| 释义 | Examples of income taxThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The self-employed pay 15.3 per cent, but can claim half as a deduction on their incometax. Changes in technology and in the incometax rate are reflected in the labor/leisure choice, rather than in the output growth rate. It includes types of taxation and categories of taxable income and deductible allowances, etc., for incometax purposes. The standard margin is to substitute more (untaxed) leisure to evade the labor incometax via (5). Unfortunately, a large part of the incometax today derives from what happened during the war. The fraction of output devoted to the government production good is 0.10, with the incometax being 0.10 and the consumption tax being zero. Of those, 1,530 where adults who filed incometax returns, 1,009 of them reporting earnings from salaries and wages. The former is due largely to the implicit insurance that higher labor incometax rates provide against earnings risk with endogenous factor prices. They are likely to include at least all expenses, which are not possible to get higher tax deductions through the personal incometax system. The government levies a proportional incometax and issues nominal unconditional one-period bonds. Under existing arrangements, companies paid incometax at the standard rate on all their profits, and the dividends paid to shareholders showed this tax deducted. Thus, an incometax (on both labor and capital income) is used to cover the debt repayment. The labor incometax rate in the final steady state is 14.2% compared with 8.3% under the small-economy assumption. We find that for widely used iso-elastic preferences, the optimal labor incometax is positive both in the short and long run. For instance, a sponsor's real cost for a $1 million contribution is $1(1x0.4)=$0.6 million at a 40 % combined federal and state incometax rate. Fourth, almost the only part of the tax system that registers publicly is the basic rate of incometax. Traditional sources of income based on customs revenues were replaced by new taxes, including an incometax. It would also 'automatically keep everybody out of poverty, while the rates of incometax required to fund it would inevitably reduce inequality' (p. 213). The incometax r ule makes a practical difference because it now requires the judge to apply it in cases that come before the judge. When the only tax is the incometax, this transition diverges toward a zero employment rate and a negative growth rate. Because incometax in these countries is still somewhat progressive, tax-relief is bound to be regressive. Enterprise savings are affected by the revenue neutral reduction in the enterprise incometax, but there is no price effect in retained earnings. However, inflation tended to bring more wage earners over the incometax threshold because allowances were not index-linked. In addition to the incometax introduced during the war, cities gained more freedom to increase property and professional taxes. This can be proved by the fact that few of them appear in directories where entry depended on the size of capital and incometax. The laws increased the base for the sales tax and the incometax (new income sources were taxed although the rate structure remained unchanged). The industry was subsidised via exemption from the value-added tax, the incometax, and social security contributions. In 1927, a business tax was introduced and in 1934 a personal incometax was adopted. They do this by considering a tax reform that sets capital incometax rates to zero in all periods from period 1 on. This requires the optimal incometax to consist of two components: one constant and permanent, the other time-varying and transitory. This is well captured in our model by combining a proportional incometax with a lump-sum transfer. The figures are similar, but there is the additional impact of incometax. If the non-savers are paid their minimum, money needs to be raised to cover the 2 difference between c and c12 through the incometax. In order to finance the outlays, the wage tax rate, the capital incometax rate and the corporate tax rate are set exogenously. Proposition 3 implies that developed countries should use incometax instead of bonds, even though an increase in incometax can reduce the growth rate. A discussion of the budget - and therefore over the level of incometax, which was included in every annual budget - was among its responsibilities. This could be done by an increase in incometax. As it turned out, the discovery that incometax returns were unreliable did not appear to have given decision makers much pause for thought. Applicants were required to report income in a signed statement, supported by the latest annual incometax return. This is the conventional redistribution approach, of which the negative incometax proposal is a good example. Lastly, as mentioned above, we assume that both capital and labor income are subject to the incometax. For simplicity, we assume away personal incometax (health contribution can be either included or not). This is the increase (or decrease) in benefits attributable to changes in national insurance contributions and incometax. To achieve this goal, a new attack on poverty based on the principles of 'negative incometax' must be launched. To retire this entitlement debt, the government raises the labor incometax rate to 38.0% for 40 years. The government makes exogenous final good purchases, levies a proportional incometax, and issues nominal one-period bonds. The tax structure is based on the 2005 federal personal incometax rates and standard deduction for a single filer. Employing the effective corporate incometax rate in the calculation, the resulting fair excise tax rate, on a weighted average basis, is 19%. For the long term, studies advocated replacing payroll tax revenues with those from the more elastic and progressive incometax. Large companies reduce liabilities, generally in the incometax category, by relying on sophisticated tax avoidance procedures. Few colonial subjects accumulated sufficient property and personal wealth necessary to become liable for incometax. It is compulsory for all who are liable to pay incometax and is collected as part of incometax. The incometax also meant a centralisation of fiscal resources and therefore provoked the reaction of the interior provinces. In effect, the incometax provides the mechanism whereby the central planner appropriates the resources from the private sector. Between 1991 and 1993, the central government managed to avoid issuing deficit-covering bonds as the bubble-generated boom had created a larger incometax base. As they are non-contributive, we assume they are financed thought a proportional flat-rate _ incometax, t (t). Canadians with higher incomes are subject to an incometax ' clawback ' in which they repay all or part of their benefits. It was also the practice in both countries for the number of children to be taken into account for incometax assessment. At this point, large levels of redistribution on the expenditure side are financed through progressive, direct incometax schemes on labour income. When incometax was introduced in 1917 it discriminated against single people and couples without children. In addition, the number of personal incometax brackets was increased from three to four and corporate tax rates were dramatically increased. Setting the incometax in accordance with (20) ensures that the steady-state equilibrium of the centrally planned economy will be replicated. The authors employ their model to analyze the transitional dynamic effects of a change in the incometax rate, as well as its long-run consequences. One way of doing this would be to impose an upper limit on the initial capital incometax rate. In the wage and incometax experiments, increasing persistence from none to complete raises the welfare gains more than sevenfold. However, the equilibrium under direct government provision is different, as a distortionary income tax is required to finance the needed investment in public capital. They maximize the value of their profit stream, net of the incometax paid by the household on profits. Specifically, contributions are tax-deductible at the corporate incometax rate. Reversions are subject to the excise tax in addition to the incometax. A more progressive labor incometax decreases the attractiveness of becoming skilled. However, the impact of incometax and national insurance contributions is less severe for employees than it is for employers. As mentioned above, the base scenario is the increase in gross earnings ignoring national insurance contributions and, if appropriate, incometax. The state collects sales taxes and a progressive incometax, from which it subsidizes the municipalities. It conceded the necessity of incometax cuts, so long as they were offset by consumption tax increases. For example, employees may prefer pension benefits because they are not taxed as heavily under the incometax as cash compensation. There are general concessions in incometax systems, for example the transfer of profits on disposals to other capital assets. The emerging private sector has also become the main source of tax revenue, since peso salaries in the state sector are not subject to incometax. At the same time, they criticised the incometax reform promoted by the previous administration because it widened the exemptions for incomes derived from salaries and for lower incomes. Their results provide (under a set of specific conditions) that a government should raise the needed revenue with a suitably designed incometax rather than by taxing consumption. I then consider the effect of allowing for national insurance contributions and incometax and calculate the difference between the increase in this figure and the increase in gross earnings. In this option, the excise and incometax applies to only 75 per cent of excess assets and the excise tax rate is reduced to 20 per cent. The incometax rate thus corrects - for two potential sources of externality: the size of the government relative to its social optimum, and the degree of congestion. Thus, insofar as the resources withdrawn from the private sector are reinvested productively by the government, raising the incometax has both a contractionary effect and a stimulating effect. How progressive should incometax be? In either case, the government maintains a balanced budget by using the incometax revenue to finance the subsidy or its own expenditure on public investment. In this model, the government can finance its costs through incometax and government debt and has a target level of government debt relative to the size of the economy. This is because a positive capital incometax rate at time t raises the price of consumption for all times s > t by the same proportion. On the incometax reform they applauded the possibility of carrying over losses and profits from one year's accounts to the next, and also the increase in minimum taxable income. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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