| 词汇 | example_english_inbred |
| 释义 | Examples of inbredThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Mapping quantitative trait loci with dominant and missing markers in various crosses from two inbred lines. Microsatellites are useful tools for investigating selfing rates in highly inbred species such as selfing snails. Several such studies using inbred parasite lines have found evidence of the heritability of infectivity in snail-schistosome systems. Early generation population means of unselected inbred lines may occasionally deviate from their mid-parent values, but typically the differences are small13-16. Variation among maize inbred lines and detection of quantitative trait loci for growth at low phosphorus and responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Effects of rates of nitrogen fertilizer on maize inbred lines and hybrid progeny. Two strategies were proposed to counter the narrow genetic base of the hyper-recombinant inbred lines. Individual introgression lines would contain a small introgressed fragment from one of the inbred strains, in the common inbred background of a fifth, unrelated strain. Extensions to mating designs with non-inbred parents or progeny do not necessitate the introduction of new concepts. The overall superiority of the inbred line cross to all other designs is expressed clearly in its greater design parameter, equal to 0n500. Traitbased analysis for the detection of linkage between marker loci and quantitative trait loci in crosses between inbred lines. Accumulation of mutations affecting body-weight in inbred mouse lines. However, the distribution of the locations of junctions present in the inbred population is not random over the chromosome. A separate set of analyses was done on the highly inbred populations, compared with the base populations. We derived equations for inbred- and outbred-derived mapping populations. Bayesian mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci from incomplete inbred line cross data. Similarly, other topics such as effective population size and genetic rescue of inbred populations by supplementation are covered in more than one place. Under this situation, and because of a stronger drift effect in the latter case, four loci became inbred faster than three. Similarly, it is unusual for inbred lines generated without selection to differ from one another by several standard deviation units of the residual variance. As a population becomes sufficiently inbred, inbreeding declines, so that alleles increasing the selfing rate are increasingly favoured. Selection against inbred song sparrows during a natural population bottleneck. Lines connect the means of a given recombinant inbred line in each treatment. To those ends, we have taken advantage of a naturally occurring mutation that renders some inbred mouse strains unable to produce melatonin. Identification of genetic factors contributing to heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular markers. Seed obtained from such pollination is considered partially inbred and would produce plants with reduced heterozygosity. We are all aware of inborn and inbred antipathy between the two races but that need not interfere seriously with these commercial relations. Further, the highly inbred populations retained more genetic variation for both allozymes and quantitative variation than expected from neutral theory. The larger the size of the inbred populations, the more effective is a given intensity of selection. Thus, the outcomes of epigenetic changes are similar in two inbred lines that exhibit very different frequencies of these events. Collectively, these results suggest that anthocyanin accumulation is modulated by unknown factors in these inbred lines. The other would be to derive from each of four inbred strains a set of 500 near-isoallelic introgression lines. Finally, availability of a deficiency kit spanning the entire genome, but in a common inbred background, would greatly improve the power of quantitative deficiency mapping. As can be deduced from the denominator of (18), an increase in (forcing inbred matings) has opposite effects on the effective size. Nevertheless, it is highly likely that genetic variation analogous to that found in different inbred strains of mice is widespread in the human population. Additionally, for outcrossing populations, we have been developing techniques in which cloning of genotypes in parent\\inbred offspring generations may not be necessary. Increases in their frequencies cause a reduction in the means of both outbred and inbred populations, with the opposite effect for decreases in frequencies. In addition, full-sibs were mated together to produce inbred progeny. In pedigrees derived from two inbred lines it is straightforward to use markers to estimate founderorigin probabilities along each linkage group. Such recombinant females would then be crossed to inbred low line males, causing the recombinant segment to segregate in their male progeny. Several super rice varieties, both inbred and hybrids and involving indicarjaponica crossing, have now been released to farmers, and some are widely grown. One additional advantage to the topcross hybrid alternative is the future option of inbreeding desirable plants in the topcross pollinators to produce inbred pollinators. Indeed, in some programmes such as the breeding of inbred lines for hybrids the opportunities for such collaboration are extremely limited. Will the fecundity and fertility rates of an inbred mite population drop after several generations more ? Breeding for organic and low-input farming systems: an evolutionary-participatory breeding method for inbred cereal grains. Post-infection, outbred mice were more immobile whereas inbred mice showed reduced immobility and increased digging and climbing. From this, 200 inbred lines were started and subsequently maintained under strong inbreeding (equivalent to full-sib mating). In these functional screens, mutagenic agents are used to produce a large number of lines of an organism, which are then inbred for several generations. The resultant offspring are considered to be congenic, and 99.9% inbred, after ten backcross generations. However, inbred rodent models are the most immediately accessible for research. Each bar represents the mean phenotype of a given recombinant inbred line. Traitbased analyses for the detection of linkage between marker loci and quantitative trait loci in crosses between inbred lines. Yield, quality and nitrogen use of inbred corn with varying numbers of leaves removed during detasseling. We thus used a paired non-parametric analysis to test for differences in mortality between inbred and outbred beetles within each population. Strains of laboratory mice have been specifically inbred over generations and, within such strains, all of the mice are practically 100% genetically identical. Instead, the use of inbred strains of animals has served as a proxy for assumed differences in gene structure, expression, and/or interaction. Quantitative trait loci mapping of three loci controlling morphine preference using inbred mouse strains. However, very effective purging has been documented in developing inbred lines. In our previous work, we generalized and used this method to analyse multiple populations derived from complete half-diallel crosses among inbred lines. A population with such varied origins is a long way from inbred strains, so a polyallelic model seems more appropriate. Completely inbred lines are rare in nature, but they occur in laboratory populations, for example in recombinant inbred lines. In small populations, however, some individuals are inevitably inbred to varying degrees. In a cross between two inbred lines these effects may go undetected and act to inflate the residual variance. An efficient algorithm for calculating the likelihood for a pedigree with short inbred loops. Inbred lines were kept by double first cousin matings or single brother-sister matings for 47 generations ! The haplotypic method for founder-origin probabilities can be extended to more complex inbred or outbred pedigrees. A vector of dominance interactions between all allele pairs would be needed to model the phenotypes of non-inbred progeny. At generation five, 200 individual pairs were selected and their progeny were inbred by full-sib mating for 25 generations. There are three classes of genetic resource that are likely to be most useful, namely inbred lines, recombinant inbred lines, and mutation lines. In this paper, we outline a general approach of mixture model analyses that are applicable to various crosses from two or multiple inbred lines. A total of 175 lines inbred for 80 generations were screened for microsatellite mutations at 28 loci. Inbreeding depression, inbred and hybrid grain yields and other traits of maize genotypes representing three eras. However, it is important to realize that an endogamous group need not necessarily be inbred. Each of the afore noted agents are potent teratogens in one or more inbred strains of mice. An evolutionary participatory breeding method is uniquely suited to improving inbred small grain crop species on a large number of low-input and organic farms. However, inbred recombinant lineages have the added virtue of being able to be replicated over different environments. In these facilities, researchers often encounter poor in vitro fertilization in various inbred mouse strains. Dates when various substrains or recombinant inbred strains were separated from the parental colony are indicated. Identification of quantitative trait loci influencing traits related to energy balance in selection and inbred lines of mice. He used a regression model to analyse the extent to which selection upon inbred ancestors of inbred individuals modifies those individuals' susceptibility to inbreeding depression. However, many practical breeding programmes utilize a number of crosses that may originate from multiple inbred lines, such as diallel crosses. Different crosses can have different cross patterns and originate from different overlapping or non-overlapping inbred lines. Except for the scenario of highly inbred and closely related individuals and a large number of loci available, the likelihood methods assuming noninbreeding are recommended. Under inbreeding, the mean fitness of a given genotype at marker (enzymatic) loci depends on the proportion of inbred individuals among individuals bearing this genotype. The line was inbred for six generations and subsequently maintained in quarterpint milk bottles (50-200 individuals\\bottle). With background selection, the values increase to about 0n4 for inbred, and 0n1 for outbred populations, respectively. There were many long inbred loops in the pedigree, but brother-sister and offspring-parent loops were rare. In general, differences between inbred strains are considered to reflect differences between individual members of outbred species. Published microarray experiments using inbred mice have been typically conducted using pooled samples from anywhere from 6 to 17 individuals. In addition, inbred strains have an assortment of distinct phenotypes that have then been exploited as models of human diseases. No further cases of bifoliate aortic valves were detected from the inbred generations three to eight. More information is needed concerning the relationship between inbred lines and hybrids performances under drought. At generation five, 200 individual pairs were selected, and their progeny were inbred by full-sib mating for 25 generations. Instead, the concept of inbreeding as a mechanism for maintaining genetic diversity if there are sufficient inbred lines is promoted. An important issue in purging inbreeding depression that has not been investigated appropriately in previous studies is the effect of selection between inbred lines. One inbred line (americana.0) was not used in this study, due to suspected heterozygosity. In a cross between true inbred lines this is of no consequence, as the polygenic effect contributes just to the residual variance. Element number continues to increase rapidly once inbred lineages become established. The individuals may therefore have a greater fitness than non-inbred individuals with non-inbred ancestors. The key result of this study was that three epigenetic processes are similarly affected by inbred background. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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