| 词汇 | example_english_immune-system |
| 释义 | Examples of immune systemThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The invertebrate immunesystem is devoid of antibodies that detect primarily peptide antigens in the vertebrate immunesystem. From the parasites' perspective, it would be beneficial to possess a surface that is hard to detect by the hosts' immunesystem. Expression and regulation of 7 (p) integrins on mouse lymphocytes : relevance to the mucosal immunesystem. But this will not make the immunesystem a biological epiphenomenon since it is an evolved adaptation in origin. There are some traits that we could add, such as enhancements to the immunesystem, that could be very useful. Resulting changes in the immunesystem of one organism are not passed on to later organisms. Being able to distinguish self from nonself is crucial in the immunesystem. Genes play very different roles in operant behavior and the immunesystem. We picked gene-based selection in biology, the immunesystem, and operant learning because we thought that they were the least problematic examples of selection. A two-pronged approach, aimed at developing vaccines to overcome the defects of the ageing immune system and designing age-specific vaccination strategies, is of extreme priority. The immunesystem discriminates between transformed cells and normal cells by virtue of the presence of unique antigens on tumour cells. The vertebrate immunesystem usually succeeds in recognising and eliminating foreign materials, causing little or no damage to host tissues. In this context the placenta is not an effective barrier between one component of the maternal immunesystem and the fetus. The immunesystem is thus a highly adaptive organ, changing in response to the requirements of the organism at large. Similarly, the immunesystem has its own effector system of antibodies and immune cells to carry out the immune reaction. He proposed that the immunesystem not only identified the foreign, but defined the self. Other data illustrating the importance of the immunesystem in healthy aging come from studies on centenarians. This reinforces the concept that the immunesystem of each host recognizes different polypeptide bands. The functioning of the human immunesystem lies behind its interactive design, the real-time sound processes and the physical construction. In addition, the joint effects of pollutants and parasitism on the immunesystem of the host has not been ascertained. For that reason we have described longitudinal responses with a model of the interaction between bacteria and the immunesystem. This suggests that different combinational associations of receptors might underlie the recognition of a wide range of microbial stimuli by the innate immunesystem. The immunesystem parallels this structure: the antibody library is the entity, and network function its process. Many similarities exist between somatic evolution in the immunesystem and the functioning of the nervous system. In this brief overview of the immunesystem, we have extracted four examples of selection. The effects of space-flight conditions on the mammalian immunesystem are an important subject for risk assessment while planning manned long-term missions. However, the host's immunesystem is not the only mechanism that causes parasitaemic waves. This means that various components of the immunesystem are able to respond and act on the parasite. The elimination of early contact of the fetal immunesystem with (minute amounts of) antigens of dietary proteins may compromise the development of tolerance. Dogma from experiments done in static systems has been that leukocytes in the immunesystem cannot penetrate these biofilms, and phagocytosis cannot occur. Additionally, this has led to much speculation about the role of the immunesystem in neuropsychiatric syndromes, including depression and chronic fatigue. A chronic abnormality of the immunesystem is the mechanism frequently proposed for the pathogenesis of the amyloidosis. Sleep and the immunesystem are obviously connected. It is to be hoped that future work will develop better understanding of the constraints and context within which the immunesystem functions. In doing so, the immunesystem is alerted by the entry of only a few intruders as occurs in natural infections. In gene-based selection in biological evolution and the reaction of the immunesystem to antigens, genes replicate by splitting and filling in the appropriate nucleotides. In principle, components of the host immunesystem could provide the necessary cues. A positive feedback between active behavior and immunesystem makes the selection process effective. In other words, as a result of an embryonic learning process, the immunesystem would not react against the self. Several mechanisms have evolved to produce the massive amount of variation necessary to make the immunesystem work. By the same token, individuals with an extremely sensitive immunesystem may more easily fall prey to severe allergies or autoimmune diseases. Our study is based on finding specific antibodies produced by the host immunesystem in response to the mycoplasmal infection. The tumour can also manipulate the immunesystem to its own ends, often resulting in an ineffective or transient antitumour response. Thus, the immunesystem has evolved a t least two distinct mechanisms to prevent autoimmune destruction of self tissues. This question implies a misunderstanding of the biological functionality of the immunesystem. Even when the immunesystem is in the resting state, large numbers of leucocytes continue to be produced. Another example of extremely harmful immune responses is autoimmunity, where the immunesystem attacks the individual's own tissue. It is then probably driven by abnormalities of the immunesystem initiated by the infectious insult. Any theory of dreaming that does not explain it is like a theory of the immunesystem that gives no account of the immune response. Gene-based selection in biological evolution and the reaction of the immunesystem to antigens seem clear cases of selection, a few irritating dissimilarities notwithstanding. The immunesystem also exhibits a very different kind of variation that is uniquely expressed at the level of populations of host organisms. Providing enough antibody is present to halt the growth of the pathogen, then the immunesystem will have protected the host. The coagulated tumor is converted into a scar or a cyst by the body's immunesystem. Long-term missions in space are a challenge for the human immunesystem. Another approach to studying complexes has been exemplified by work on the immunesystem. Immunological synapses are thought to mediate intercellular communication in the immunesystem and, thus, might mediate antiviral immune responses in the brain, as described above. This variability is likely to have great relevance for infectivity of the final host and the efficacy of drugs and the immunesystem. Surprisingly, we found no direct effect of host resource-stress or duration of the infection on the immunesystem. This strong specialization leads the parasite to select co-adapted gene grouping involved in the evasion of the hostspecific protective responses (immunesystem). Regional specialisation in the immunesystem : primed cells do not always home along the same track. However, it was not clear which part of the immunesystem was responsible for the enhanced levels of apoptosis. Many changes occur in the aging immunesystem, which culminate in its functional decline, but the underlying mechanisms have proved difficult to define. Neuroinflammation and disruption in working memory in aged mice after acute stimulation of the peripheral innate immunesystem. It provides an immunological barrier and is believed by some to be part of the immunesystem. This could further indicate that the specificity of fish- parasite systems is influenced by the fish immunesystem. Heterogeneous surface carbohydrates may thus constitute a moving target for the hosts' immunesystem. The implication is that there may be a change in the phenotype of these bacteria that allows them to elude the immunesystem. As such, it is an ectoparasitoid and its eggs do not come into contact with the host's immunesystem. The immunesystem and especially macrophages have long been exclusively associated with the destruction of myelin sheaths. By removing the effects of the immunesystem we can get a better understanding of the density-sensing mechanism. Patients who have undergone stem cell transplantation require several weeks to months to regenerate a fully functional immunesystem. The genetic self now frames our discourses about the other selfs, for the brain and the immunesystem are but products of the genes. What is becoming increasingly evident is that the immunesystem ignores much of what it sees. In a sense, the self was thus defined negatively: it was that which the immunesystem ignored, a lacuna in the immune vocabulary. The power of the immunesystem as an icon is in assuming it to verify and legitimate an inequitable social structure. Our experiments indicate that the immunesystem downregulates expression form several promoters, including viral, housekeeping and cell type-specific promoters. Their persistence in the digestive tract can elicit an allergic reaction in some people with a dysfunctional immunesystem. The argument maintains that the immunesystem is directed inward, constantly sensing and affirming itself. Pre-randomisation, and at the two endpoints, blood was taken to assess hormonal and immunesystem function. Documented changes in immunesystem functioning with smoking provide a likely biological basis for this association. Limiting the resource uptake by starving the bees reveals that employing the immunesystem has costs. This variability of surface antigens is believed to be a mechanism of adaptation which enables the parasite to evade the host's immunesystem. They also have an intact immunesystem and the tumour cell challenge and stromal cells are of the same species. This type of cost is associated with investment in the immunesystem (or any other defence mechanism) in anticipation of potential future parasitism. Our increased knowledge of the immunesystem has helped to rectify that bias. In addition, glucocorticoids have numerous effects on bodily systems, including the stimulation of the immunesystem and the metabolism of stored energy. We even describe the body's own immunesystem militaristically. People also fail to take into account how much their own psychological "immunesystem" will work to ameliorate their response to negative events. Antigen-based vaccine development requires identification of the most potent tumour rejection antigens and the appropriate route by which it is delivered to the immunesystem. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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