| 词汇 | example_english_illusion |
| 释义 | Examples of illusionThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Positive illusions and well-being revisited : separating fact from fiction. At this point, however, the reader needs no change in perspective to envision "hazy" as a carnivalesque hazing or travesty of romance illusions. Lighting, backlighting and watercolor illusions and the laws of figurality. Both of these illusions persist even when viewers are made aware of the true nature of the stimuli and the bases for their misperceptions. Furthermore, subjects will experience percepts that defy reality when necessary to retain the illusions. Table 2 summarizes the literature on visual illusions and body movements. In contrast, in the perception-action model, the effects of visual illusions should be consistent (either small or large) throughout the movement. Many findings are consistent with the idea that visual illusions influence perception more than action. Parenthetically, if our theoretical position is correct, then losing crucial perceptual processing hardware should thereby also destroy the effects of pictorial illusions on action planning. In fact, one may argue that these illusions are not illusions at all, because the visual system as such provides the correct percept. When the proper physics are employed, errors, illusions, and variability should decrease. Many studies have compared information processing in the dorsal and ventral pathways by comparing the influence of illusions in perceptual and motor tasks. All perceived distal relationships, and most illusions, seemed quantitatively predictable, within this unified enterprise, making it an admirable first start at a theory of perception. They show that when the illusion's perceptual effects are studied with single-circle presentations there are no differences between the two types of responses. Most size illusions were therefore caused by perceptual mistakes about distance. Most spatial illusions depend on one or more of these four aspects, whether the sound-object is recognisable or abstract. We believe we are stable, but this is one of the built-in illusions of the mental system. Visual hallucinations, illusions or a sense of 'presence' may initially occur in isolation with retained insight and a clear sensorium. Where one person finds ' freedom ', another finds ' determinism ' ; what some consider to be hard-core convictions about the mind are popular illusions for another. In short, a crude narrative was used to give sketchy context to a number of tricks and grand illusions. On it shone the plumage of the bluebird of illusions. During practice, the two groups of subjects viewed examples of these illusions different from the stimuli. The study of visual illusions in healthy subjects does not bear directly on issues of visual processing streams. The planning-control dichotomy offers an alternative that better accounts for the apparent controversy in experimental data related to visual illusions. The sensorimotor or control function, in contrast, operates only in the here-and-now, without sensitivity to context, but it is therefore invulnerable to illusions. Because planning incorporates the context surrounding the target, it is affected by context-induced visual illusions. Large effects early in the movement presumably reflected the illusion's influence on planning, whereas continuously decreasing effects thereafter reflected the relative immunity of control. Conversely, because the control representation excludes the context, it is relatively immune to these same illusions. There are many mirrors built in or placed to expand the space and create illusions. Table 1 (left side) shows a dozen phenomena that have been claimed to be cognitive illusions - by mere assertion, not ecological analysis. A negative answer to the first question amounts to the view that color illusions are the rule, not the exception. I will discuss here cases of visual illusions in which our conscious perception definitely does not correspond to the physical reality. If altruistic or prudent behavior patterns are not always rational, they could be supported by illusions. However, although they have received less attention, many experiments show that motor tasks can be influenced by illusions. Through its sobering effect, he said, past illusions would be shattered and negative tendencies and norms would undergo a change toward a better society. He has consistently pared away many of the illusions that can foster a self-congratulatory complacency among the apostles and acolytes of liberal constitutionalism. After considering other models of analysis, he finally opts for well-known psychological insights on shallow processing of terms, as in pragmatic illusions. What we know about what we have never heard : evidence from perceptual illusions. Put another way, can a scene succeed dramatically if it simultaneously exposes the illusions on which the drama relies? High on the list of illusions to be cast off was the image of the radical elite as saviour of the oppressed masses. There would be no more talk about defenses, denial, paranoia, and illusions of omnipotence and immortality. In the few cases that a new marital happiness is hinted at, it is clear that previous experience has wrecked all romantic illusions. Perceptual abnormalities include distortions, illusions and frank hallucinations, most often visual. The retinal pathways contributing to such illusions are unknown. However, the influence of illusions is not even fixed within a single experimental paradigm for a single question. We point out that fast (dorsal) actions can be fooled by contextual illusions while (ventral) perceptual judgements can be insensitive to them. Thus, the influence of illusions, which often arise from misinterpreting the context, can be considered critical for this debate. Further, the perception- action model predicts that the effects of illusions should not depend on the availability of visual feedback during control. In a particularly telling passage, the article details the manner in which drug reps play upon the illusions doctors have about their own ethical integrity. Thus, we reasoned that posture choice would provide a relatively uncontaminated measure of the illusion's effect on planning. A number of commentators addressed the issue of the effects of visual illusions on action planning and control. If these illusions were eliminated from human perception, perceptual accuracy would surely get worse, not better. I have no illusions that the type class mechanism is the ideal way to implement the genericity which this paper illustrates. The regulation of movies transpires within an arrangement governed by corporate management of movie content and illusions of consumer choice. Modern nature abounded in bitter revelations about the illusions of ethics and social reform, for nature was ruthlessly amoral. The goal of the present study was to use a novel technique to study visual illusions. Such illusions are a unique prediction of the model theory. Although these magicians took some tricks from the jaduwallah's bag, they tended to perform westernstyle conjuring, making use of automata and stagecraft to produce grand illusions. In doing so, we concentrate on considerations and behavioral findings regarding illusions, informational conflicts, flexibility, and learning, as well as neurophysiological aspects of the integration of sensory signals. Such illusions of free will suggest that it may be causally epiphenomenal, which has threatening consequences for our moral and legal judgments, let alone our visions of our own agency. Dissociations in the perception of size have also been examined in many recent studies comparing motor and judgmental responses to stimuli presented within the context of well-know visual size illusions. Deaths of patients, of loved ones, of illusions of permanence, two personal dances with cancer, a plane crash. Either his experience would shatter his illusions about fire or someone or something would have shielded him from the fire and its ability to harm him and cause pain. Consider next how stimulus objects are sampled from an environment and a class of phenomena known as "contingency illusions," which were attributed to irrelevant prior beliefs or prejudices against minorities. Our perception-action model, of course, has the major virtue that it provides a theoretical rationale for those perception-action dissociations that can be demonstrated using pictorial illusions. We have repeatedly found that if judgments are based on a single element, the effects of pictorial illusions are greatly reduced, often to the same levels observed with reaching behaviors. The target article reviewed some of the earlier studies (see sect. 3.3) and pointed to the conflicting results in the studies that focused on size illusions. There is no doubt that illusions do occur (for a behaviorist these would appear as inconsistencies among behavioral patterns or between verbal behavior and nonverbal behavior). Measurements of geometric illusions, illusory contours and stereo-depth at luminance and colour contrast. When precision requirements were low, the arrowhead cursor shape influenced cursor placement, with the effects in keeping with those effects of arrowheads seen in optical illusions. Nevertheless, the programming of the actual movements to the selected object can escape such illusions, because the visuomotor system is not influenced by the top-down contextual information that drives perception. Perceptual illusions are explicable as unusual violations of the conditions under which our sensory processing are veridical, but attributions of free will are scarcely unusual, and an explanation is required. Susceptibility to illusions and performance on visuospatial tasks in individuals with autism. As an alternative, erroneous mental visual transformations could be studied for clues to the generic assumptions used in imagery, just as visual illusions have provided clues to generic perceptual assumptions. Commitment may also result from illusions. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries attempts were made to salvage the perceived distance account of several paradoxical size illusions, by making a distinction between "registered" and "perceived" distance. What is important about this for our purposes is that these explanations do not appeal to pattern-perception mechanisms and therefore are compatible with attention-based explanations of the illusions. In a functioning high-level organism, the information provided by the dorsal and ventral streams can be expected to be well coordinated (except in the unusual circumstances which generate illusions). Thus, in some cases, neural correlation of intersensory input takes place in such a way as to make patterns which result in illusions which are experienced subjectively as real. Psychophysics in normal humans shows links from cognitive to sensorimotor, but the reverse link is excluded by visual illusions affecting the cognitive system but not the sensorimotor system. Still, the automatisms and illusions of control that lie off this diagonal remind us that action and the feeling of doing are not locked together inevitably. Thus, a potential strategy to meet the challenge from illusions is to identify the true color of a surface and to discard the others as misperceptions. The two illusions reinforced each other. Positive illusions and coping with adversity. Chapter 15 discusses how some of the well-known illusions people have held about language have come about and how they can be avoided by means of a relational approach. Nothing had ever come to break in on their quiet companionship and give obscurity as a dwelling-place for the needed illusions. At such times he craved utter oblivion, the blessed surcease of the mind's commerce in illusions. Although a good deal of emphasis has been placed on the benefits of these illusions, there are potential negative effects. Research in other areas of risk perception might also benefit from attempts to specify more clearly the mechanisms underlying these illusions. Such a person still labours under so many illusions that his decision is less than fully informed. She creates all sorts of illusions, and gives one all sorts of searching sensations. As international statesmen they lacked interest in social and economic policy, and seemed also to be caught in a time-warp of imperial illusions. The last point is related to the area of motor illusions and imagery. Two commentaries deal with the effects of visual illusions on eye-movements. There are also color illusions, for instance produced by changes in illuminants, or by simultaneous contrast. Instead, it exhilarates them with illusions and promises, which can intoxicate but cannot produce results. While it does not necessarily shatter all of our illusions, it surely remains an insurmountable obstacle for any project of self-created human happiness. Empedocles presents a litany of the illusions that plague society, including the simile of the injured child. However, feedback can be responsible for (existing) illusions when top-down expectations are high and bottom-up input is partially degraded. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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