| 词汇 | example_english_glide |
| 释义 | Examples of glideThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. In the case of the various gliding events affecting liquids, we may assume that the vocalic outcome reflects a segment's secondary resonance characteristic. Allowing for the language described in (44) is problematic, because there is no nasal harmony pattern in which glides are opaque, but liquids are targets. Deletion is a thus a back-up strategy to gliding under this analysis : liquids delete whenever gliding would otherwise be blocked. Similarly, the presence of glides in a given language may have some kind of threshold below which it may not determine any differences among languages. In the latter case, glides have a more impor tant status. In this aspect, glides have the same phonological status as vowels in the process of monosyllabic word merger. Panning over the scene, the camera glides towards a place where the movie's acousmatic phantom will be caught within the safest vessel of all. The stimuli were frequency glides, that is, tones that changed in frequency in either an upward or downward direction. Regarding manner of articulation there are stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and glides. Microneme proteins are released very early in the invasion process, facilitating host-cell binding and gliding motility. The fundamental difference between a red cell gliding on the endothelial glycocalyx and the human skiing on fresh powder is schematically shown in figure 11. No language distinguishes vowels or glides in terms of this feature. The structural description of gliding would be satisfied and would apply to yield [w*n]. The emergence of the nasal contours and nasalised glides in this language are therefore not indicative of nasal spreading. The segments transcribed as \\h\\ and \\hy\\ are classified as fricatives rather than laryngeal glides ; they pattern with fricatives in the manifestation of nasal harmony. The underspecification of stops and glides would also explain why they never triggered assimilation. The targets of assimilation were limited to a nonoverlapping class of sounds, either obstruent stops or glides. In the following section, this relationship will be documented for an assimilation involving glides and nasals. Independent of whether nasal harmony and lateral harmony are the same process or whether nasal harmony and gliding interact, the fundamental representational issues remain. No other segments, including certain other glides, served as targets of such assimilation. As can be seen in (5a), glides were replaced by a nasal when a nasal consonant occurred later in the word. Both stops and glides are presumed to be underspecified for manner, and both could in principle serve as targets of this assimilation. The preference for gliding over deletion is realised in examples where the phonotactic and prosodic conditions are not at stake, as shown in (45). The representation of underlying glides: a cross-linguistic study. One such factor is the presence of diphthongs or prevocalic glides in the language from other historical sources, as discussed in w3. Stops and glides, including /r/, show a maximum level of contrast, involving all of [sonorant], [approximant] and [vocoid]. Despite this considerable body of literature, there is an odd persistence of the idea that the glottals [h ?] are glides. Thus, for example, such a dialect should not fully vocalise postvocalic glides. How do listeners interpret the case of a tone that glides from one pitch to another? The concept strength in this case refers to that of sonority, obstruents being less sonorant, therefore stronger, than glides and liquids. Vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals are considered as sonorants, whereas fricatives, affricates, and stops are considered as obstruents involving less sonorance. Once on the slime trail, the gliding velocity increases. In our task, children were required to discriminate between upward and downward glides that were identical except for being reversed in time. The prediction from the auditory temporal processing theory is that this association should be evident particularly for brief glides. If this constraint were undominated, it would ensure that glides were underspecified for manner, even if the input included the manner feature [approximant]. Such diphthongs are comparatively rare, and the syllabic position of their glides is not transparent, as we have seen. The presence of [nasal] on stem-initial glides (48b) also ensures the leftalignment of the affix in these forms. Under the interpretation proposed here, they are not nuclear [i] and [u], but non-nuclear glides with audible releases. The inappropriateness of the ranking in (65) emerges when the neutrality of liquids and glides are considered. In certain word-initial and word-final clusters, glides trigger []-epenthesis, unlike their high vowel counterparts. An analogous manner-based constraint might also account for restrictions on co-occurrence for the glides and liquids. Perhaps the central problem is how to distinguish vowels from the consonants which are most similar to them, namely glides. While glides served as targets of such assimilation, other segments could not, including certain other glides, as shown in (5b). The theoretical problem is that glides as syllable onsets must be favored and disfavored at the same time. Since glides and obstruent stops would be underspecified for manner, they are vulnerable as targets of assimilation. The assimilation-resistant glides in (3b) must somehow be distinguished underlyingly from those that undergo assimilation. Stated differently, the feature [approximant] is implied by the feature [kconsonantal] and is therefore not licensed by glides. As the actor glides slowly along the narrow passageway, more and more heads are turned to see his impressive yet elusive figure. Thus, even if treatment were successful in eliminating harmony, the prediction is that gliding would likely persist. In the feeding case, however, all glides behave the same relative to harmony, no matter what they correspond to in the target system. Treatment might alternatively be directed toward the elimination of the gliding error pattern. The general nonassimilatory substitution of glides for liquids suggests that glides are unmarked relative to liquids and thus are underspecified for the manner feature [approximant]. The glides corresponding to \\r\\s in (3b) would block as targets of spreading since they would already be specified as [jconsonantal]. Here are two overlapping rapid and somewhat irregular pitch glides, the first up and down and the second down and up. Peaks and glides in southern states shor t-a. Liquids and glides were combined since for the children, like the adults, no significant difference between them was noted. The representation of underlying glides: a cross-linguistic survey. Rather than review this evidence here, we will present several less familiar arguments that prevocalic glides are conditionally members of onsets or complex nuclei. The symbols ' c ch c ' represent c alveo-palatal affricates, while ' y yh y ' represent palatal glides. The glides are not considered to be phonemes, but positional variants of high vowels. We will see that fricative+stop sequences behave differently in other languages, while the hierarchy between nasals, laterals and glides remains stable. However, unlike the \\l\\, glides and nasals, no experimental evidence exists in support of this claim. On the phonological behavior and derivation of nasal glides. In languages where such diphthongs are well represented, there will be a greater tendency for gliding in heterosyllabic sequences in comparison to languages with fewer or no such diphthongs. Obstruents (and nasals) trigger the most deletion, followed by liquids, then glides and finally, following vowel or pause, the latter two contexts varying in order between dialects. He glided away in a silvery flash. The assimilation-resistant glides in (5b) corresponded with ambient \\r\\s and thus might be assumed to be represented underlyingly as such with manner specified as [approximant]. The glides in (5b) were (as in the prior case study) the product of a general gliding error pattern, which merged the distinction between liquid consonants and glides. On the phonological derivation and behavior of nasal glides. He loved hang gliding passionately. In addition to its nasal component, the 2nd person affix has an obvious palatal specification which surfaces as secondary articulation on nasal contours and nasalised glides. A subsequent rule of absolute neutralization was then needed to convert in a counterfeeding relation all relevant fricatives or \\r\\s to stops or glides, respectively. While the glides [j w] are in complementary distribution with the short high vowels [i u], there is no alternation that supports analysing glides as underlying high vowels. In the perception experiment, glides were found to have a greater perceptual lengthening effect than vowels, and we speculated that this was due to the glides having less inherent prominence. In other words, unmarked high vocoids surface as peaks when there is no vocoid of greater sonority next to them ; when adjacent to a non-high vocoid, they surface as glides. Errors involving glides confirm that glides clearly do not form diphthongs with vowels ; furthermore, there are no ordering constraints on voweljglide sequences, again indicating that these are not diphthongs. Given this rule ordering relationship, the output of gliding could not serve as the input to harmony, resulting in [w*n] as the actual phonetic output for run. The high rate of the absence of glides in the vowels (ai, au, oi, i, u, e, o) is maintained across all generations of the 24 male speakers described. I even tried out hang gliding once. Thus, sonorant sounds (typically glides and liquids) will rhyme with onsets that lack sonorance, the classes of stops, affricates, and fricatives (the least sonorant of consonants). The hichiriki retains throughout its characteristic upward gliding into notes - an ornamentation known as enbai, which is fundamental to hichiriki playing in all performances of classic gagaku. The glides and nasals have not been claimed to have undergone similar mergers, but otherwise follow the same patterns of magnitude and timing in initial, final and ambisyllabic positions. We can return now to the issue of the ill-formedness as syllables of the strings in (9b), in which the status of prevocalic glides is a crucial factor. They give no phonological evidence for the definition, and little if any phonological evidence for a natural class of glides including the glottals has surfaced in later work. The same restriction applies following palatal glides. The underspecified character of stops (and glides under certain circumstances) has in some models of phonology been used to account for their propensity to serve as targets of assimilation. The fundamental difference between the red cell gliding on the endothelial glycocalyx and skiing or snowboarding is the pressure relaxation that occurs at the lateral edges of the planing surface. Around half the children in both groups accurately discriminated 20 ms glides. The needle is just gliding around in the compass housing, doing no actual steering at all. In glides the spectral change is more gradual and smooth compared to the more abrupt change seen in voiced stops. The liquid consonant \\l\\ was produced correctly and thus was not subject to gliding or assimilation. We will see in what follows that glides can bear this feature under certain circumstances. We have limited the typology to consideration of a harmony rule which targets glides. Such a pair would isolate gliding from harmony since neither word includes a trigger for harmony. Within derivational theories, however, it would also be possible to formulate a different harmony rule which restricts targets to liquid consonants (and not glides). In contrast, the same feminine endings did not begin with glides when they appeared on feminine words during training. First, we have not accounted for the observation that fricatives, liquids and glides are not always neutral ; they are sometimes targets of nasalisation. The second pattern (2b) differs from the first in the status of glides, which are now targets. In other words, glides are onsets if nothing better is available. In contrast, glides are arguably the least consonant-like segments ; they are generally considered to have a number of vowel-like features. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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