| 词汇 | example_english_gene-therapy |
| 释义 | Examples of gene therapyThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Viral vectors for genetherapy : the art of turning infectious agents into vehicles of therapeutics. In summary, non-invasive imaging technology will help to design and improve genetherapy applications. It is essential for the success of genetherapy vectors that an appropriate promoter is linked to the gene of interest. Transcriptional targeting modalities in breast cancer genetherapy using adenovirus vectors controlled by alpha-lactalbumin promoter. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of integration site selection might have practical applications in improving the safety of retroviral vectors for use in human genetherapy. Table 3 summarises several published studies that have utilised plasmid- and viral-mediated genetherapy to treat peripheral neuropathies. The above definition of genetherapy formed the basis for including or excluding protocols. This case prompted a thorough revision of the safety standards for genetherapy trials. This fact raises the question of the feasibility of very expensive, complicated and work-intensive genetherapy approaches for these diseases. In the future, individually designed genetherapy will probably represent a therapeutic option. Artificial chromosomes with several therapeutic genes inserted could be important additives to conventional genetherapy if efficiently delivered to target cells. Adenoviruses have been particularly exploited for cancer genetherapy. All patients died at 1-29 months from genetherapy. In addition, genetherapy offers the possibility of long-term expression of therapeutic proteins in specific cells. Table 2 shows references that report outcome of genetherapy trials targeting cardiovascular diseases. This ability makes these cells attractive targets for future genetherapy. One death, however, was reported early in 2000, the patient's death being directly associated with the genetherapy trial in which he was participating. The report also identifies important trends in genetherapy by reviewing relevant preclinical research. The aim of this paper is to summarize the results from this survey and to describe the present status of clinical genetherapy research. By the closure date, no patient had been declared cured through genetherapy. Since then several hundred genetherapy protocols have been initiated, involving between 3,000- 4,000 patients worldwide (2). Seen from a broad perspective, genetherapy reflects a natural progression in the application of biomedical science to medicine. By altering the genetic material of somatic cells, genetherapy may correct or relieve the underlying specific disease pathophysiology. Here, though, similar considerations apply as applied with genetherapy. The genetherapy clinical trials that have been performed thus far have been on somatic cells. Viral-based vector genetherapy takes advantage of the natural ability of viruses to infect cells and have their genes expressed by the host cells. This book provides a comprehensive and most recent overview of genetherapy approaches in oncology, including the approach discussed in this review. A few studies have examined the use of genetherapy to treat other types of peripheral neuropathies. These advances have led to the development of genetherapy strategies for the treatment of cancer. Finally, some genetherapy approaches can alone produce multiple antitumour effects. Another impediment to clinical application of genetherapy is the lack of widespread public acceptance and knowledge. This article evaluates their usefulness in genetherapy strategies for cancer. Overall, it is expected that genetherapy will play an increasing role in the clinical treatment of cancer. As a result, the book falls far short of providing a comprehensive synopsis of human genetherapy development. However, the optimisation of genetherapy approaches will probably require both transcriptional restriction and efficient gene delivery strategies. One major advantage of genetherapy compared with traditional pharmacological approaches is the ability to target specific regions and/or cells in the neuraxis. We have not done any work in somatic genetherapy. Separating fact from fiction: assessing the potential of modified adenovirus vectors for use in human genetherapy. Currently, investigators are focusing on combination genetherapy and multimodality therapy to enhance clinical responses. The table shows the requirements that vector systems have to fulfil in the different cancer genetherapy strategies. Several practical, and maybe simplistic, questions, for planning genetherapy arise. A detailed introduction to transfer systems used in genetherapy, however, lies beyond the scope of this report. In principle, this type of genetherapy, especially antisense/ribozymes administered in soluble form, has much in common with conventional drug treatment. The assumption is that the identification of all human genes will accelerate the development of pharmaceuticals and other medical treatments based on genetherapy strategies. The survey did not identify any genetherapy register that connects approved trials to published protocols and results. This article thus only refers to somatic genetherapy, and the phrase genetherapy is used synonymously with somatic genetherapy. Both therapeutic and prophylactic approaches might, broadly speaking, be defined as genetherapy; however, only therapeutic approaches are included in the definition. These patients are probably not the ones most likely to benefit from genetherapy. The main problem is inefficient gene transfer; hence, optimization of gene transfer is the main focus in genetherapy research today. Multidisciplinary expertise and international collaboration are needed as well as special facilities for genetherapy trials and preclinical research. For the time being, there is general agreement that genetherapy must be reserved for treatment of serious diseases. Projects in the area of health technologies cover genome analysis, genetherapy, safety of genetic engineering, and environment and health. Through improved viral vectors and by enhancing nonviral-based delivery systems, research aims at improving genetherapy by increasing efficiency of gene delivery. These strategies include bone-marrow transplantation, enzyme-replacement therapy and genetherapy. The development of tailored, novel gene transfer vectors will improve the efficiency and stability of therapeutic gene expression in the many settings of genetherapy. Lastly, if our ongoing studies show maternal polymorphisms are involved, then prenatal genetherapy may be a future goal for prevention. Common to most genetherapy expression systems are the viral promoter and enhancer elements. The results of these studies are eagerly anticipated so that they can be applied in clinical genetherapy protocols. Neither of the registers has, however, made any effort to connect genetherapy protocols to their published results. I wish to propose a less polarizing method to approach public discourse and policy critique concerning genetherapy and genetic engineering. These cell lines could provide a stable, reproducible source of cells, which could be modified by genetherapy in culture. This suggested that even modest correction using genetherapy in humans might provide significant benefits. For effective somatic genetherapy, the major obstacle is in achieving efficient transfection of the correct cells to provide an appropriate level of gene expression. Although this type of genetherapy could be beneficial and without deleterious consequence, more-precise temporal and spatial control will be of benefit. In cancer genetherapy, this is normally achieved by analysing biopsies from patients. As a result, alternative, long-term treatment strategies such as genetherapy are being pursued. These in vivo data are promising and show the usefulness of parvoviruses for this cancer genetherapy strategy. In cancer genetherapy, restriction of transgene expression to one specific target tissue is especially important. Depending on the genetherapy strategy, this can be the tumour cells, the endothelial cells of the tumour vasculature or other target cells. The targets for genetherapy covered range from the haematopoietic system through cancer to viral infections. It is aimed at postgraduate students and scientists with a general interest in the potential applications of genetherapy. This chapter gives an overview of the scope and also the limitations of genetherapy applied to human disease. The second portion of the book addresses specific conditions where genetherapy is being actively applied. One promising option is the use of genetherapy to limit the extent of nerve damage. The appeal of genetherapy lies in its promise to provide elegant cures for serious disease, for treatment at both the somatic-cell and germline level. This is a comprehensive review of various viral vector systems used for genetherapy. This excellent review discusses potential molecular targets for treating inherited neuropathies, including the use of genetherapy. Thus, both the duration and dose of the genetherapy might limit clinical applicability. Let us therefore postpone the discussion of the ethical aspects of possible future discoveries of transmissible genetherapy for personality traits! The clinical documentation for genetherapy is thus presently dominated by trials in the early phases. Several reviews, reports, and books have investigated the field of genetherapy (2;10;23;26). So far there are only a few examples of the latter type of genetherapy. Several other disease groups are candidates for future genetherapy. In some instances, genetherapy may offer the potential of a one-time permanent cure. Except for the use of soluble antisense oligonucleotides against cytomegalovirus eye infection, genetherapy is presently not an established treatment modality. Clearly, clinical research on genetherapy is dominated by studies in early phases, primarily designed to study safety, applicability, and toxicity. There is at present a broad international consensus ruling germline-based genetherapy unethical. While the potential outcomes of genetherapy are significant in all aspects, there are considerable uncertainties attached to clinical applications of such treatment. However, in vivo genetherapy is assumed to become a major strategy when suitable transfer systems have been developed. To regulate the various genetherapy procedures according to different safety restrictions. The costs for growing, isolating and purifying genetherapy vectors are significantly different and more expensive than traditional pharmaceuticals. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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