| 词汇 | example_english_game-theory |
| 释义 | Examples of game theoryThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Indeed, the idea of relationship is fundamental to gametheory. Besides, one needs gametheory to explain the ethical and moral rules themselves. You asked about the sociology of game theorists, rather than gametheory. People in gametheory will understand each other less in the future. Something having to do with gametheory, with economics, with philosophy. But there is a simple answer: economists use gametheory to design and interpret experiments. The basic concepts of gametheory can be mapped to the elements of the theory of natural selection as follows. Part of the problem is that gametheory has used lots of applied math and little empirical observation. His research focuses on social choice theory and on cooperative gametheory. We re-examine this theory by reconstructing key parts in a more formal way, extending it, and showing how it differs from more recent gametheory. Nevertheless, the assumption is well accepted in non-cooperative gametheory, so much so that it is hard to encounter justifications for it. In this case, most authors38-41 suggest the use of methods from the gametheory. In applications of gametheory in multi-agent systems, agents are usually taken to maximise their expected utility. Broadly, these split into two groups- those which focused on gametheory and those which focussed on decision theory. There is no reason to denigrate the contributions of coalitional gametheory, either on the applied or the theoretical level. In law, in computer science, in mathematics, in economics, in politics, there are many things that have nothing to do with gametheory. In gametheory, it is very difficult to alter the assumption of common knowledge. In a gametheory model, the outcome of the model can be represented as a set of mathematically specified equilibria. We still need the gametheory to understand these matters. The conspicuous failure of orthodox gametheory is its inability to account for cooperative behavior in noniterated social dilemmas. On the other hand, like traditional gametheory, the approach advocated here builds on the notions of individual preferences and individual rationality. I end with an alternative suggestion for modifying orthodox gametheory. He has also published in ethical theory, philosophical logic, gametheory, and dynamics of belief. In contrast, gametheory uses the same tools in all these applications. Part of the problem of classic analytic gametheory revolves around the standard assumption that players do not speak to one another. He uncovered links to universal algebra, gametheory, set-valued functions, functional analysis and, especially, measure theory. The lecture was devoted to 'gametheory and empirical economics: the case of auction data'. Economics is much richer today because of gametheory. Far from explaining it away, evolutionary gametheory emphasizes the urgency of the paradox. Much of gametheory, however, assumes away information transfer and excludes the very solution that natural selection likely created to solve the problem of cooperation. The second reason is that accounts of backwards induction in gametheory, in particular, usually give the argument in rather informal terms. The evidence has failed to corroborate positive gametheory. The question is whether social psychology has succeeded where gametheory failed. We will give an on-line algorithm and analyse it using gametheory. Modeling for concurrent design using gametheory formulations. Sen does not adhere to an expected advantage interpretation of preference in his discussion of gametheory. From the point of view of mainstream gametheory, the success of individuals in coordinating their actions is something of a mystery. Both notions cannot easily be incorporated into mainstream gametheory, however. In the present paper, our concern is with conventions and common knowledge, and with how these concepts should be represented in gametheory. The history of gametheory can be used to further illustrate this point. The founding fathers of gametheory had little knowledge of such experiments. However, common knowledge and convention entered mainstream gametheory only when they were formulated, later and independently, by other theorists. Over the past two decades, non-cooperative gametheory has become an increasingly important part of mainstream economics. The definitional hypothesis implies that the principle of instrumental rationality and gametheory fail to provide any normative prescriptions. During the past decade, gametheory has been undergoing a deep transformation. Less often discussed than bounded rationality and irrationality is the fact that people are sometimes even more rational than orthodox gametheory allows. The goal is to explain psychological phenomena in game-playing that orthodox gametheory, and its conventional extensions, cannot explain. This bottom-up approach should be complemented by psychological gametheory adopting top-down insights gained from analyses of real-life economic behaviour. In fact, gametheory is much more suitable for automated agents than it is for humans. Traditionally however, gametheory assumes a discrete, finite set of actions available to every agent. Typically, multi-agent systems are designed assuming perfectly rational, self-interested agents, according to the principles of classical gametheory. This is still true of much of gametheory. It allows behaviours to arise from interactive adaptation, as in gametheory, and these can be very rich. Evolutionary gametheory shows that games work differently depending on whether players are homogeneous or heterogenous. We were introduced at a gametheory conference in 1955, two years before he died. Throughout the world there are several research centers in areas connected with gametheory. The science best suited to the task is the branch of economics that studies social, strategic interactions: gametheory. The application of cooperative gametheory illuminates the processes by which households in this era managed to generate income. In economic terms this study demonstrates that the ideas stemming from gametheory can be applied to the formation of household income in early-twentieth-century populations. In the language of gametheory it is the pay-off of the n-person non-cooperative game. I could probably teach a gametheory course without ever having read more than a dozen articles, just from having been here. It is a great center for work in economic theory and also in gametheory. Up to now we have been discussing the normative side of gametheory-advising individuals how to act-but there are also other sides. And how about people who think that some approaches in gametheory are valid, and other approaches are not? Another example of an important insight yielded by coalitional gametheory is the theory of matching markets. It can be recommended not only to specialists in gametheory and social philosophy but also to academic audiences in general. This ordinal notion - assumed to satisfy transitivity - is not sufficient to yield determinate solutions in gametheory. Strategic gametheory is best suited to contexts and applications where the rules of the game are precisely described, like elections, auctions, internet transactions. However, they can be easily accommodated into gametheory and metapopulation models. However, this is overshadowed by the enthusiasm for gametheory and the argument that rural people should be analysed as individuals and not as groups. Yet, there are plenty of instances where the specified payoffs do represent player preferences, and orthodox and not-so-orthodox gametheory is rejected in laboratory experiments. Although this is one way to understand the utility payoffs in gametheory, it is not the only way; and it has some disadvantages. If the revealedpreference theorist were right and payoffs already represented what strategy was chosen, there would be nothing left for gametheory to do. It is one of the major developments since the big economic contributions of the sixties, which were mainly in cooperative gametheory. An example of this is alpha-beta pruning in gametheory. The addition of this hypothesis provides gametheory with a secondary objective, to make testable predictions, and this justifies the thriving enterprise of experimental gaming. Empirical research related to metropolitan public economies, common-pool resources, and behavioral gametheory is summarized that has contributed to the field of institutional analysis. But to address these problems he offers only some "tentative and ad hoc suggestions" (sect. 8, para. 2) from psychological gametheory. Can the tools of gametheory be applied within ad hoc frameworks like behavioral gametheory, or psychological gametheory? Practically speaking, strategic gametheory deals with various equilibrium concepts and is based on a precise description of the game in question. It is not a purely cognitive concept, as "trust" is in modern gametheory. Many researchers have rejected gametheory because game theory's rational self-interested agent does not capture most human behavior. Thus, gametheory often fails, based on the classic assumptions of dominant strategy self-interested types, common "knowledge" of the same, and backward induction. Economic theories, including gametheory, are hardly concerned with personality related variables. In doing so, we may draw on a wide range of evidence, including experimental gametheory. But the revealed-preference theorist has now trivialized gametheory. But paradoxically, this obvious answer cannot be generated by the theory of individual rationality, as used in gametheory. In situations like this, gametheory invokes the assumption that the rationality of the players is common knowledge between them. In this respect, team-directed reasoning is quite different from the strategic reasoning that is modelled in conventional gametheory. That means that gametheory has nothing to say about how individuals construct their all-thingsconsidered rankings of comprehensive outcomes. This is a form of gametheory in which there is interaction between beliefs and preferences. When evolutionary gametheory explains morality, what does it explain? The inclusion of such factors will broaden the scope of a psychological gametheory. Section 3 focuses more specifically on gametheory, and section 4 on game theory's underlying assumptions. Psychological gametheory, based on nonstandard assumptions, is required to solve these problems, and some suggestions along these lines have already been put forward. It is a comprehensive, logical, and psychological theory of social interaction, thereby, to some degree, using the language (and logic) of gametheory. Evolutionary gametheory applies only to repeated interactions, and behavioral ecology is powerless to explain cooperation between genetically unrelated strangers in isolated interactions. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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