| 词汇 | example_english_flux |
| 释义 | Examples of fluxThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Obviously, methods for unravelling the structure of metabolic networks and for determining in vivo fluxes play an important role for metabolic engineering. To compute the fluxes, the transfer functions are not normalized. The kinetic energy fluxes dominate the magnetic fluxes in the whole scales in those panels. Although these fluxes are equal, both are important and act on the neighbouring grain. The possibility of confinement for the stationary symmetric plasma fluxes is then investigated and the confinement conditions are given. A physical model for the volume and composition of melt produced by hydrous fluxing above subduction zones. Figure 16 shows the corresponding total and thermal surface heat fluxes. Although nutrient concentrations in leaf litter were higher in the burned plot, the nutrient fluxes were 60-80% lower than in the unburned plot. Is this effect visible in nutrient fluxes via rainfall and throughfall? Analysis of net throughfall fluxes gives information on the origin and fate of nutrient ions in the forest canopy. Viscous fluxes are discretized using a finite-volume representation of a central-difference operator, and the source terms are treated as an integral over the control volume. Accelerated dust winds and dust fluxes are observed in the cosmic environment and late-type stars [1, 4, 40]. Here we revisit the construction of entropy-conservative schemes in terms of numerical fluxes which are integrated along straight line paths in phase space. A dissipative scheme is used to compute fluxes through flagged cell interfaces while a non-dissipative method is used elsewhere. If the motion is statistically steady, and if mean quantities do not vary horizontally, the vertical fluxes of heat and momentum will be constant. The grid points are at the centre of the cells, and the fluxes are defined at the boundaries of the cells. Thirdly, the identification of irreversible reaction steps can be used to introduce lower boundaries for the corresponding fluxes, which further restricts the solution space. The determination of absolute fluxes also requires concentration measurements of metabolites that are connected to the (sub)network assessed by the labelling experiment. Moreover, assessment of the fluxes under varying experimental conditions supports the identification of critical nodes and their rigidity. Sample measuring times are typically of the order of approximate hours with the currently available fluxes at neutron sources. The curves with the symbols filled in grey refer to the heat fluxes and are related to the right axis. The presence of the shadows leads to neutral fluxes that drive the dust particles towards each other. As boundary conditions at the edges of the integration domain, the fluxes are required to be zero. Experimental evidence of differences in properties of fast ion fluxes form short-pulse and long-pulse laser-plasma interaction. Of cour se, a realistic model will have to consider the superposition of several radial fluxes of different neutrino energies. Due to the planet not having a strong magnetic field, the solar wind impacting with the planetary atmosphere results in non-thermal ion fluxes [18]. In the program, on-farm mass fluxes are described as closed cycles. Fluctuations in physico-chemical parameters associated with mats across geographical and temporal scales make them ideal for studying fluxes of methane. The land-surface model includes two vegetation layers (trees and grass) through which radiative and turbulent fluxes are calculated. The total fluxes (integrated over any cross section) depend on the specific structure, because the harmonic function determining the concentration profile is geometry-dependent. Mathematically, one can view small fluxes as a perturbation to equilibrium and look for a near-equilibrium solution. The compositions of the crust, mantle and core are presented, before a discussion of fluxes and cycling between them. However, comparisons of nutrient fluxes with throughfall and stemflow in old-growth and secondary forests in tropical montane regions are not yet available. Non-ideal terms like resistivity are discretized separately in extra resistive fluxes and source terms. Potassium, nitrate and ammonium concentrations and fluxes showed dramatic responses to hurricane disturbance. Thus, although enriched in nutrients, stemflow was not considered to be of great relevance for total nutrient fluxes in the forest. Specialized sub-grid models are therefore used to represent the momentum fluxes near the boundaries. Impurities in the metal are removed by adding fluxes like limestone and oxygen. The atmospheric circulation is forced directly by radiation and indirectly through boundary fluxes. Problems of organic matter preservation, degradation and sulphate reduction are addressed as precursors to detailed examinations of solute fluxes and solute budgets. The annual mean surface temperature exhibits a relatively high correlation (>0.6) with all of the neutron fluxes, particularly with the fast neutron fluxes. The diversity of terrestrial macro- and microenvironments is a reason and consequence of spreading life energy fluxes that reveal and improve biodiversity potentialities. However, the behavior of the heat fluxes has changed. Strongly modulated electron fluxes were seen after the bow-shock crossing in the cometosheath. There remains a wealth of other sources that point towards the existence of non-thermal electron/ion fluxes. Also, it is easily found that the lowest-order distribution function fa0 makes no contributions to these four transport fluxes. At the glass boundary in the channel the wall potential is determined by the condition of equality of the ion and electron fluxes. While the accessible applied forces can range, in principle, from tens to hundreds of piconewtons, a limiting factor is sample heating at high energy fluxes. Equivalently, the equilibrium can be constrained by the safety factors and magnetic fluxes. Ablative discharge provides plasma with high density, temperature and flow velocity, leading to strong mass and energ y fluxes. Based on our theory, we are now able to calculate electron fluxes for different energies and compare them with the experimental data. Although not shown, the time histories of the fluxes of mass, momentum, and energy have the same qualitative appearance as the density itself (figure 2). The resultant non-dimensional radial mass fluxes in the boundary are sketched in figure 3 for the first three resonances. The direct correlation between carbon isotopes and sea level is most easily explained by variations in epicontinental sea area affecting organic-matter burial fluxes. Unstable behaviour was predicted, however, for conditions of ice accumulation provided the ratio of ice-side to water-side heat fluxes is less than 2-3. A systems approach to quantify greenhouse gas fluxes from pastoral dairy production as affected by management regime. Modeling of isotope distributions and intracellular fluxes in metabolic networks using atom mapping matrices. Differences in nutrient fluxes between forests are related to climate, geographical situation and the availability of nutrients in the soil. However, for some nutrients the fluxes from canopy leaching can be as high as these in litterfall. Element fluxes via rainwater were calculated by multiplying the measured amount of water by the concentrations detected in a given period. Litterfall is usually the most important of these fluxes for the return of most nutrients, the major exception to this generalisation being potassium. The rates of litterfall were similar, so that annual litterfall fluxes of all nutrients were lower on sandstone. Differences between the means for element concentrations in different pools or fluxes were tested for significance using a t-test for paired comparisons. Nutrient fluxes in rainfall and throughfall were calculated by multiplying recorded water fluxes with the respective element concentrations. Therefore, it is important that future studies on seepage water will also include estimates of water fluxes. The main advantage of this technique is the possibility of operating with extremely high ion fluxes. We estimated an uncertainty of 10 % on such fluxes, mainly due to the uncertainty in the quantum efficiency of the proportional counter detector. Because these heat fluxes are fairly small, the input of heat from the ground by boundary layer convection is by comparison fairly significant. Figure 10 shows the partial energy fluxes at t = 45. Thus, different intensity levels and on-farm mass fluxes were reached. Because of annual variation of soil trace gas fluxes, seeds could be provided with information on seasonal and climate changes in their surroundings. Annual streamwater fluxes were calculated using concentration vs. log (discharge) regressions for each ion, stream and year. Potassium fluxes averaged 24.1 kg ha-1 y-1 in 1990 and 11.0 kg ha-1 y-1 in all other years. The divertor plate, for example, in future fusion power machines is a key component in removing particle and heat fluxes. Once the solution has been obtained, we determine the outgoing partial fluxes with the use of (38). However, the internal partitioning of fluxes into stemflow and throughfall was very different with high stemflow values observed in the secondary forests. Net throughfall fluxes were determined as the difference between throughfall and rainfall fluxes. All fluxes are normalized relative to the glucose uptake rate which was set to 100. The fir st-order fluxes are incompressible in a homogenous plasma, (24), and do not contribute to the plasma dynamics. Under certain conditions, this interaction can be even larger than that related to fluxes of charged particles on dust particles. As previously discussed, it is possible to find approximate analytical expressions for the fluxes of ions and electrons. The biologist will find new methods of in situ primary productivity measurements and microelectrode technologies for measuring oxygen fluxes. In high-order schemes, cell averages are replaced by more accurate nonoscillatory reconstruction on the functions or the fluxes. The channel closing rate may be dependent on the conductance state of neighboring channels via ionic fluxes or by direct interactions. Although informative, the results of pressure-probe experiments require careful interpretation, and independent nondestructive ways of measuring water fluxes are desirable. Interference with or removal of the latter will inevitably lead to changes in the reservoirs of nutrients and their inter-reservoir fluxes. Using the equality of fluxes is sufficient in this situation. In that sense, the exact boundary layer profiles are unimportant for the determination of the fluxes. The net effect of these two volumes fluxes is an accumulation of fluid underneath the disturbance crest and an increase in the interfacial displacement. However, concerning the epithermal neutron fluxes the correlation is better than with the maximum surface temperature. The minimum energy fluxes required to sustain subsurface organisms remain unknown. At the downstream boundary the fluxes are calculated assuming that there are no gradients of any flow properties normal to the boundary. Furthermore, the mass and energy fluxes are each 5% less than these fluxes in the real shock tunnel. To calculate the fluxes, we use two methods: 1! In those undergoing exercise, metabolic fluxes and recovery rates were followed. In the second part of this section, we will briefly go over a number of permeation models that can be used to calculate ion fluxes. The high nutritional quality of the detrital organic matter in our study stream may result from grazing by tadpoles which enhances nitrogen fluxes. A major aspect of ecosystem research concerns the factors that determine the rate of nutrient fluxes and turnover in the system. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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