Examples of fitness

Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
The average fitness of the 20 runs per formed was 28.75, with a standard deviation of 0.433012.
The average fitness of the 20 runs per formed was 78.9, with a standard deviation of 1.020835571.
Domain-specific knowledge is built into the fitness function and hence into the interpretations of the genotype and evaluation of the phenotypes.
Reproduction operator selects good strings from the population using fitness information.
As yet it is not clear if this fitness cost is caused by the mutation itself or associated deleterious mutations.
Although oviposition height could be a crucial factor for the fitness of overwintering eggs, it has rarely been investigated.
Although food quality had no impact on pupal weight of female parents and individual mean egg weight, progeny fitness was influenced by parental nutrition.
Significant interactions between populations and host trees have been found for most fitness variables.
Consequently, at low producer frequencies, the producers have a higher fitness than the non-producing defectors (cheaters are defectors that gain an advantage from defection).
A fitness cliff model could potentially explain the core dilemma of psychiatric genetics.
However, as with all hill-climbing search processes, the search may become trapped at a certain local fitness maximum.
Each such stable character state represents a local fitness peak in character subspace.
Under certain conditions, however, an attribute's link with heritable fitness can remain honest and stable.
If asymmetry is a general indicator of fitness, it may have limited usefulness as an indicator of specific qualities.
Denote the mean fitness of the hybrid subpopulation at generation t by wt, and let w* be the ' ' equilibrium mean fitness in the recipient population.
They should be based on the individual's current level of fitness and performance.
The second difficulty is the way to define the contribution of each codon to the fitness of a genome.
Populations reach a quasi-equilibrium, with mean fitness and heterozygote and homozygote number fluctuating around deterministic equilibrium levels.
Outcrossing may break up favourable gene complexes and reduce fitness in organisms that characteristically have high levels of inbreeding.
Population surveys have shown differences in fitness cost between these resistance genes and even between resistance alleles of the same locus.
The coalescent approach presented is entirely general and does not assume any specific multilocus fitness regime.
The fourth chromosome visible marker spa was also included in the regressions ; spa apparently reduced fitness, especially in the ethanol and standard environments.
Although epistatic fitness effects may be possible, little convincing information exists on the subject.
Other genes may increase fitness only when in the right environment, or the right genetic background.
The inherent difficulties in measuring fitness make indirect arguments more compelling.
The balancer procedure allows comparisons of the values of fitness components for chromosomal homozygotes and heterozygotes.
Such a difference would be expected if there is a substantial contribution to net fitness from fertility genes with female-limited effects.
Increases in paternal correlation will not reduce progeny fitness directly.
Relative fitness (w) is a measure related to intrinsic population growth rate and is suitable for an age-structured population.
Through the rest of the text the term ' fitness ' will mean relative fitness or, strictly speaking, relative growth rate.
Fitness was measured under conditions chosen to mimic the ancestral laboratory environment of these genotypes.
Although the total number of studies is limited, the genetic architecture underlying fitness shows a similar pattern in these studies.
The less a mycovirus reduces the fitness of its host the higher its transmission rate.
However, with strong selection, and large numbers of loci, the effect of linkage disequilibria on mean fitness can become substantial.
Most attempts to measure genetic variation for fitness have been made under controlled laboratory conditions.
In this example, the net loss of mean fitness is roughly halved by the variance from linkage disequilibrium.
At equilibrium, genotypic frequencies show low sensitivity to changes in genotypic fitness.
In a discrete generation model, generation time influences fitness estimates from this method and is difficult to estimate accurately from the data.
Although accurate estimates of additive genetic variation for total fitness in nature are highly desirable, they are likely to be extremely difficult to obtain.
We now discuss briefly some strengths and weaknesses of this approach, and ways in which it might be elaborated to investigate fitness components.
The fitness consequences of multiplelocus heterozygosity under the multiplicative overdominance and inbreeding depression models.
More generally, the discrete model would lead to correct fitness estimates provided that male fertility and female fecundity are proportional to each other.
As fitness-related traits, leaf size and morphology can be used to assess such advantage for a population.
Mutation rates and dominance levels of genes affecting total fitness in two angiosperm species.
In both models, all fitness effects interacted multiplicatively to determine genotypic fitness.
We assumed a linear relationship between a character and fitness.
Critical to the skewness test is knowledge of the form of the relationship between the fitness-related trait studied and total fitness.
Polymorphism from environmental heterogeneity : models are only robust if the heterozygote is close in fitness to the favoured homozygote in each environment.
The problem is seen most clearly in the case of an allele with an additive effect on fitness in a population of constant size.
Fitness decreases with the square of element number, and with the rate of recombination in the genome.
Before embarking on specific fitness functions, let us state a fairly general result here.
In a forthcoming paper, it will be shown that even convex regions of the fitness function may lead to threshold behaviour.
We must then determine the interactions from a fitness function given otherwise.
In some empirical studies, comparisons of fitness between crossbreds and the outbred ancestral population have been used to test for purging.
Variation maintained in quantitative traits with mutation selection balance : pleiotropic side effects on fitness traits.
We repeated the fitness assay for each of these lines.
In addition, the mean fitness of groups of five ancestor replicates was used.
The fitness traits encountered include the mycelial growth rate in fungi, and earliness, resistance against pathogens, seed number, and pollen fitness in plants.
Sample sizes were too small to test the relationship between relative error variance and skewness for the various fitness components individually.
One such deviation from linearity that is likely to occur is an optimum relationship between fitness-related trait and fitness, caused by trade-offs between individual characters.
Homozygotes carrying two mutant alleles have fitness 1ks, and heterozygotes carrying one mutant allele have fitness 1khs, where h is the dominance coefficient.
There are two possible causes : (1) meiotic drive in female hybrids ; (2) selection operating on fitness differences between alleles of the marker or linked loci.
Unlike the mean fitness, the mean mutational distance from the reference type has no direct counterpart in the physical picture.
Like all homeless boys, newcomers had less exposure to pathogens, lower cardiovascular fitness, and higher mean cortisol levels than village boys.
In addition, homeless and village boys alternatively had the highest average allostatic load score depending on whether cardiovascular fitness was included in the index.
Because states, indeed counties, controlled the pensions, they determined eligibility, imposing restrictions by marital status, residency, race, citizenship, and moral or maternal fitness.
Vainly hoping to demonstrate by upright living their fitness for mainstream society, they clung tenaciously to bourgeois respectability and doctrinal orthodoxy.
The standard deviation of the fitness of all the final solutions within the region will now give an indication of solution sensitivity within that region.
Quantitative aspects of a design are combined with qualitative ratings to generate a measure of the overall fitness of the solutions.
At each level, the weighted function for combining intrinsic and extrinsic fitnesses used in the examples was a 2:1 ratio.
The method could be extended to measure the magnitude of such epistasis, by observing the total fitnesses of recombinant chromosomes.
The invasion method has the advantages of a greater sensitivity and of not requiring further data to estimate fitnesses if the wild-type homozygote is fertile.
However, relative fitnesses can still be measured using a different design.
Meanwhile, this strategy has to be modified to force convergence toward high fitnesses to spend last resources on known solutions for ultimate improvements.
The crucial point to notice about it is that the entities whose" fitnesses" are being compared are no longer individual organisms, but populations of organisms.
The hierarchical structures of baboons seem to be evolutionary beneficial to their members in terms of the maximization of their inclusive fitnesses.
However, in a large equilibrium population the differences in fitnesses would also be small.
Before measuring the individuals' fitnesses, the genotypes are explicitly mapped to the phenotypes.
At present, the algorithm is based on a predetermined weighting for intrinsic and extrinsic fitnesses.
Our method provides separate estimates of the fitnesses of the two kinds of wild-type heterozygote.
The continuous curve is a cubic spline interpolation onto the values calculated from mean fitnesses in each deme.
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.