| 词汇 | example_english_fallow |
| 释义 | Examples of fallowThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Fuel wood from improved fallows on far m may provide a means to conserve the natural vegetation, which is under threat due to deforestation. Moreover, sesbania does not coppice, and this means that sesbania fallows have to be re-established after two to three postfallow crops. While increasing insect pressures can be controlled through appropriate crop rotations and seasonal fallows, in such societies the dominant constraint is weeds. Improved fallows: effects of species interaction on growth and productivity in monoculture and mixed stands. The main objective of this paper is to assess the potential of herbaceous legume fallows in improving farm income. Herbaceous legume fallows are another form of such fallows. The haulm yield of groundnuts after natural fallows was similar to that after calliandra fallows. Therefore, for this field type other options have to be pursued to sustain production after shortened fallows. Results also hint that mixed fallows would be more effective than single species fallows in nutrient capture. An opposite trend was observed in the case of the planted fallows. A statistical classification of the fallows was proposed based on shrub phenological course over the two cycles monitored. Holo-epiphytes were almost absent in the youngest fallows, whereas hemi-epiphytes, which were mostly represented by aroids, were already substantially present shortly after abandonment. The species richness, density and biomass of both holoand hemi-epiphytes increased significantly from young fallows to old fallows and mature forests. The age effect was clearer for the hemi-epiphytes, suggesting that species turnover takes places in the ageing fallows. Using forest fallows as a source of shade-tolerant timber species may be a viable alternative to regenerating these species in mature forests. Most fields are surrounded by mature forest or older fallows, and therefore seed sources are locally available. The occurrence of the latter species is suggestive of the importance of older fallows as a habitat for vulnerable, desiccationintolerant forest species. In order to propose a typology of fallows, the average-by-station data table was processed by a hierarchical cluster analysis. In some cases only the old approaches of rotational break crops or fallows seem to offer any significant control. The organizations promoting biomass transfer and improved fallows assembled farmer lists and collected other information in 2000 and repeated the exercise in 2002. Areas planted to fallows among the initial testers increased from 363 m2 to 511 m2 between 1998 and 2000. Crotalaria- and tephrosia-improved fallows generally gave higher returns than continuous cropping, but not in all cases. Changes in crop balance, principally the reduction of fallows and rye, and the later development of potato cultivation, explain much of this. Traditional fallows in the temperate regions are principal components in crop rotations, where pastures and/or legume green manures are used in cropping systems. Our data indicate that about half of the rain-forest species, especially liverworts, may re-establish in 10-15-y-old fallows. Of these, 19 sun epiphytes, 7 shade epiphytes and 19 generalists occurred also in the fallows. Amazonian agricultural fallows are typically a regrowth of common pioneer shrub and tree species in an abandoned farm or pasture. Colonization of fallows by e such plants results in conditions rendering difficult the establishment of seedlings of forest trees. However, for hemi-epiphytes, the age effect was significant, suggesting that species turnover takes place in the ageing fallows. Thus, sun epiphytes and generalists occurred in the fallows mainly on the tree bases and lower portion of the trunks (zones 1-3). However, the tropical fallows today occur between cropping seasons or in seasons when cropping is not feasible or abandoned due to environmental stresses, especially drought. In many tropical far ming systems, long fallows are no longer feasible because of increasing population pressure and competition for landuse. The tree fallows also appear to be less productive than 4-5-year-old natural fallows in sites with low mixed-food crop yields. Increasing the productivity of smallholder farming systems by introduction of planted fallows. Most members of the sample were, therefore, knowledgeable about agro-forestry, especially improved fallows. All of the organizations present were promoting the use of biomass transfer and improved fallows, and many were monitoring farmers' uptake of the practices. In areas from which people were evacuated, formerly cultivated fallows, bushland, and open woodlands regenerated into dense woodlands. Improved fallows involve the enrichment or replacement of natural fallows with planted nitrogen-fixing shrubs. In contrast, hemi-epiphytes were found on the majority of trees and lianas (dbh > 10 cm) in the fallows. In the older forest fallows, resprout density, particularly that of above-ground sprouts declined considerably. Abandoned fields are sometimes cultivated again after 15-20 y, although many fields are left for much longer periods as fallows, or barbechos. Remnant trees in fields may facilitate regeneration in fallows by attracting seed dispersers and creating favourable sites for plant establishment. However, by encouraging farmers to cycle faster and make use of younger fallows, this policy may have the potentially undesirable effect of reducing forest biomass density. Animals were and are sustained on the few fallows, crop residues, browse and by putting them in the care of transhumant herders for part of the year. Therefore, we cannot rule out the potential of propagating gliricidia fallows by cuttings, especially in the humid tropics, and in isolated semiarid areas where water is not limiting. Directly seeded fallows may be more attractive for adoption by far mers than fallows established by all the other methods because of the lower costs involved. In forest fallows, total plant cover < 2 m tall and per cent cover < 2 m tall by life form was estimated visually for four 1-m2 subplots per plot. Leafing, flowering and fruiting were monitored on seven fallows differing in topographic location, age, shrub density and degradation state, during two rainy seasons and one dry season. Less than half of the species (45%) were shared by the forest and fallows, 35 species were exclusive to the forest and 16 to the fallows. The cassava tuber yields per plant in the natural fallows and the alley, cluster and equidistant calliandra fallows were similar, whereas trees in the border plot reduced tuber yields. Animals provide manure (in substitution for fallows) and draft power for the crops, and, with the reduced area of free grazing, the crop residues provide essential feed. Farmers grew a wide range of crop mixtures and fallows in the test control plots, making it dicult to evaluate the eects of the hedgerows on yields. The age classes we defined were young fallows (3-5 y after the last weeding), middle-aged fallows (8-10 y) and old fallows (15-20 y). Natural fallows have limited potential to replenish soil fertility and in no way do they address the ®rewood problem, as they do not produce any wood. Whilst the density and biomass of hemi-epiphytes in incipient fallows were higher than those of holoepiphytes, in ageing fallows the holo-epiphytes showed a slightly faster increase in density and biomass. Adoption and farmer assessments of improved fallows. Profitability of biomass transfer and improved fallows. Acceptability of forage legumes for improved fallows. However, farmers wishing to convert may be able to take advantage of the provisions for fallowing under the set-aside scheme. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There are, of course, special circumstances such as occasionally fallowing and things of that kind which have to be taken into consideration. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 In the old days what happened was that the farmer went in for a heavy outgoing valuation by fallowing. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Nothing frightens the parents of young fallows more than this plea, and it is very common, to own and ride a motor cycle. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 People should remember that, until relatively recently, fallowing was a natural part of the farming scene. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I understand that 394 acres are now under corn, that 125 acres have been fallowed and that the remainder of the land is being used for stock. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 However, more land could be rotationally fallowed. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The advent of rotational set-aside is also helpful because it provides organic farmers with a payment for what is often a standard element in organic arable procedures, namely fallowing. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I think they should be fallowed out and sent to the butcher to provide meat here and now, rather than very dubiously in three and a half years' time. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Seventy-nine per cent of farmers planting improved fallows reported increased crop yields after the fallow. Security of tenure appeared to be good as individual households could exclude other households from their fallow land. Since the study area has two cropping seasons within one year, the timing of fallow introduction and incorporation was manipulated to match the cropping calendar. The field was left fallow during the summer. Yams are regarded as being demanding of soil fertility and are almost invariably placed first in a crop rotation following fallow. Access to fertilizer is dicult because of limited access to markets, and population pressure limits access to fallow land. However, such a relationship was not found with the natural vegetation, indicating that maize benefited from calliandra trees in the fallow. The subtreatments were four lengths of fallow period after one-year of cropping: 0 (continuous cropping), 1, 2 and 3 years fallow. About 72 % had a fallow during the period of the evaluation exercise. The experiment site was under fallow and fertilized maize during the two years before the ®rst trial was initiated. Population increase, reduced fallow periods and an increase in maize cropping have further compounded the problem. An additional plot of the same size was demarcated and left under natural fallow. The bunded ®elds are generally left fallow for the remainder of the year. Compared with the 1985 survey, the fallow area had decreased substantially and had been nearly eliminated in the project zone. Snout beetles were monitored during the 2000 rainy season in replicated trials consisting of fallows of these leguminous species. Managed fallows involve the deliberate planting of fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing leguminous shrub and tree species for improving soil fertility and nutrient conservation. Consequently, short fallows characterize the food production systems. Generally though, calliandra tree fallows do not increase cassava yields. The principal problem of fallows is the lack of income for the smallholder farmers. Due to rapid population growth, the duration of these fallows is steadily decreasing leading to a widely recognized decline in soil fertility. However, liverwort diversity was scarcely lower in the fallows, except in the very young (4 y old) ones. About half of the bryophyte species of the rain forest had re-established in the 10- 15-y-old fallows. In all forest fallows, ranging from 0.2-1.5 ha in size, tobacco and cotton were cultivated for a period of 3 y prior to abandonment. In the secondary forests, we observed selective extraction of plant products, including rare tree fellings, but no clearcutting of large areas within the fallows. The fallows were assigned to one of four forest age categories (2-8, 9-17, 18-22 and 23-30 y after abandonment). More than 90% of the species in the fallows occurred in zones 1-2, less than 30% occurred in zones 4-5. Very young, 4-y-old fallows were very poor in species. Fallows had a significantly higher percentage of smooth mat species (72%), which may reflect the warmer, drier microclimate in the fallows. The profitability of planted fallows is widely reported. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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