| 词汇 | example_english_fairness |
| 释义 | Examples of fairnessThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Finally, fairness axioms are required to guarantee a correct collective behaviour. In its place have come loose aspirations linked to concepts of fairness and opportunity which have to be packaged for the electoral marketplace. To this end, we describe three descriptive models of fairness and their explanantions for fair behavior: inequity aversion, priority awareness and reciprocal fairness. Inasmuch as fairness dictates that our laws not exceed our abilities, it precludes the direct legislation of virtuous motivations. By analyzing the survey results, we were able to examine how the villagers' assessment of electoral fairness impacted on their participation in village elections. Since fairness most likely first arose in relatively small groups of our hunter-gatherer ancestors, the assumption of perfect monitoring is not far-fetched after all. In order to guarantee their fairness there should be little or no manipulation of elections. Without fairness, specifications fail to compose - a process may behave correctly in isolation, but fail to do so in the presence of other processes. We include fairness in our semantic model because we are developing a semantic theory of actors, and fairness is a feature of actor computation. If a person can demonstrate that her action was within the bounds of duty, then fairness demands that we withdraw our attitudes of blame. Individual equity under this system is generally equated with actuarial fairness, and most evaluations of social security are based on this idea. What has fairness got to do with it ? Hence, our notion of convergence already introduces a kind of fairness at the semantic level. As a matter of fairness, property-owners who are expropriated ought to, and indeed do, receive compensation from the community. Section 4 proposes a specific solution for this kind of problem, which satisfies the stipulated fairness criteria. Complex performance extends the analysis from individual environmental problems to larger issues of sustainability, fairness, efficiency, and robustness. The problem structure itself is not based on fairness. Next, we address reciprocal multi-agent systems; many researchers have come up with reciprocal mechanisms to enhance cooperation and fairness in multi-agent games. Another question of interest for research on fairness in multi-agent systems, is whether the emerged agent norms are aligned with human norms. In contrast, strategies that are more aware of concepts such as social welfare or fairness obtain better results. In this case, fairness conditions and mechanisms relate to the well-being of society as a whole. In essence, there are two distinct reasons for incorporating fairness concerns. Essentially, it assumes that a fraction of people are motivated by fairness considerations, in addition to being rational. Our instincts about internal compromise suggest another political ideal standing beside justice and fairness. There are powerful reasons-for example, of democracy and fairness-for giving great weight to the plain meaning of the constitutional text. Their employees could always approach them with their grievances and expect to have them treated with fairness and justice. They offer several ethically defensible solutions to the case by balancing respect for persons, honesty, and fairness. Third parties were not trusted, in terms of their fairness or competence, and thus they did not necessarily have the ability to settle disputes. The core stability constraint and the fairness constraints (determining lower and upper bounds on welfare) single out the optimal consumption plan. I have spelled out this trilemma for the value of fairness. Arguments about the proper distribution or redistribution of society's fruits, for instance, involve criteria of fairness or justice and hence count as non-economic. Success and finite failure are generally conditional on fairness; looping may occur with an unfair search or computation rule. Competition over the issue of tax fairness could create strange bedfellows around the idea of reducing payroll taxes. Due process and fundamental fairness require reasonable notice of which behavior gives rise to liability. The principle of fairness requires contributions in return for benefits, but that rarely takes place in international environmental cooperation. By contrast, such considerations of fairness do not arise in relation to financial restrictions on inheritance. Since it is impossible to determine a priori how the environment will evolve, the fairness requirements demand specifying when these events may occur. In fairness, we believe the pretexts given for the many rewrites were subconsciously rather than consciously manipulative. As long as the procedure prioritizes fairness, there is a high likelihood that it will generate a fair result. Although these factors may be relevant to fairness, it remains unclear whether age is an appropriate indicator for them. The rule was derived solely from fairness considerations. Perhaps in fairness it is difficult to issue basic instructions without appearing dictatorial. Nonetheless, despite achieving fairness and stability, the electoral system adopted is not without its shortcomings. Conceptual framework projects simply dress up questions of procedural fairness as cognitive issues. A less precise handling might have led not perhaps to more fairness, but possibly to a more compassionate approach. The incentive to preserve even the semblance of fairness disappears when the consequences are deemed sufficiently important. One may wish to utilize additional definitions of fairness. If we leave perspectives and emotions out of the equation, we ignore that which may inform our very notions of fairness and justice. When cast at the societal level, priority-setting should emphasize "social justice, fairness, equity, legitimacy and entitlement" (15). He did not maintain his devotion to the truth or his reliance on the fairness of an impartial public. Of course, if the principles of stakes fairness applied to every social good were outcomeegalitarian, then this would not be an issue. We argue that it violates egalitarian fairness to allow things outside the control of similarly careless actors to determine massively dissimilar liability. What, if any, are the limits of our responsibility for fairness in language testing? On the contrary, in order to study the possibility of establishing an independent fairness argument for rewarding effort, it is necessary to ignore efficiency considerations. From such collaboration one may hope that justice and fairness concerns, because they will yield more precise recommendations, will gain more relevance in policy debates. The fairness approach suggests considering the possibility of having personalized indexes reflecting each individual's preferences over her own functionings and capabilities. In addition, concerns about fairness and process may be important noneconomic factors that merit consideration. The first is that the division effects some impartial principle of substantive fairness. We also learn that background fairness is a matter of status equality. An objection to this understanding of procedural and background fairness is easily found, however. There are four main components of this culture, reporting, fairness, flexibility and learning. In fairness, the above criticism applies only to a small part of a very brief introduction. The demands of fairness to investors, patients, and society suggest that any system that benefits only a privileged few is inadequate and unsustainable. Ironically, it also has directly countermanded the national sense of equality, egalitarianism, and fairness in the allocation of organs. Specifically, concern about equality is a portion of our concern about fairness that focuses on how people fare relative to others. Moreover, prioritarianism is strongly separable, while equality as comparative fairness is not. Empirical studies have indicated that people acting in many different contexts may display fairness motivations under certain circumstances. What does test bias have to do with fairness? Promoters' new priorities were more connected with urgency, profitability, risk and uncertainty and less with cost-minimisation and fairness between different projects. Defences of all the possible views of fairness outlined above can be found in competing philosophical reflections on welfare. Verdictives have obvious connexions with tr uth and falsity, soundness and unsoundness and fairness and unfairness. In terms of fairness, international environmental cooperation does not appear very successful, at least not according to the assessment of the interviewees. The approach relates to the effects of international environmental cooperation in terms of sustainability, efficiency, fairness, and robustness. Moreover, we introduced various other computational models for multi-agent systems, which do not necessarily focus on fairness. In this section, we will discuss such contributions to prescriptive modeling of human fairness. Second, we discuss three descriptive fairness models, being inequity aversion, priority awareness and reciprocal fairness. Therefore, multi-agent systems that fail to take fairness into account, may not be sufficiently aligned with human expectations and may not reach intended goals. We have chosen a semi-distributed approach since a completely centralised approach may result in severe communication problems without achieving greater fairness. However, the issue of procedural fairness versus monitoring outcomes is a key point to which we return below. Question 37 is also thought of from the point of view of the fairness of rules and trade under globalization. The second component, merit-based utilitarianism, greatly overlaps with concepts of fairness as a means to promote utility and suppress cronyism. Since fairness sometimes makes proving equivalences more difficult, it is useful that may-equivalence can always be proved ignoring the fairness assumption. Having said this the debate is seen as much about fairness as it is about incentives. Each of the possible events can be arranged according to its likelihood on a scale of fairness or attractiveness. To show that this is possible, consider an example involving fairness. Of course, maximizing a social welfare function cannot, and should not, be viewed as an act of fairness. If there are moral values that are in competition with the value of fairness, there is no guarantee that fairness will win out. The connection between equality and comparative fairness explains both the importance, and limits, of the "no fault or choice" clause. In addition, the nonconsequentialist character of many fairness principles raises questions of internal coherence. I would have thought they were matters of stakes fairness, relating as they do to the risks and rewards of work. If the key problem is one of unequal starting positions, isn't the issue at least partly one of background fairness? On this view of adjudication, an obvious rule of fairness is to give each individual equal weight in the determination of the reference preference. Education may be governed by specific principles of fairness, but we also need to know how much to devote to education versus other social goods. The obvious way to avoid the paradox is to argue that fairness does not supervene on individual outcomes but on lotteries. Her preference is for fairness, not for a timely dissolution of uncertainty. The initial education outreach should carefully identify and address concerns associated with fairness. Light-of-day discussions about such issues would contribute to actual and apparent fairness and would appeal to the public's sense of fair play. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。