| 词汇 | example_english_expenditure |
| 释义 | Examples of expenditureThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. We compared changes in social service expenditures with changes in income maintenance expenditures. If growth is the key, then governments may help both growth and the poor by directing their expenditures to infrastructural projects, especially roads and bridges. As voting costs rise, per capita broadcasting expenditures should decrease. Since 1998, income maintenance expenditures have rapidly increased, and the poverty and inequality reduction effects of these programmes have continuously increased since 1998. Statutory and non-statutory welfare constitute the expenditures as a percentage of total labour cost in companies with more than 30 employees. Two other examples of court rulings demonstrate how the court has prevented governments from pursuing economic policies that would reduce the size of government expenditures. A second limitation is that the housing expenditures approach underplays the role of consumer choice and housing quality as influences on housing expenditures. In like manner, this proposal does not provide a remedy to excessive marketing expenditures. He lists club and pub going amongst his main expenditures. Nearly 250 years ago, the physiocrats' tableau economique portrayed an economy in delicate balance as expenditures and products coursed through the system. Excessive sediment loads can lead to high water-treatment costs and large expenditures on culvert, ditch and reservoir maintenance. Resources other than financial ones may be mobilised to reach an agreement between interests for reducing expenditures. Consequently, in our base year equilibrium private consumption expenditures are fairly low, but this difference is mainly due to health care outlays. However, expenditures on consumer services and consumer nondurables grew throughout this period. The behavior of real fixed investment and consumer expenditures during this period are quite interesting. Throughout the experiments, lump-sum taxes are zero, and so, the target deficit is identical to target government expenditures. Thus, per household public-education expenditures are set to $35,292 for the first generation. The weight of each commodity in the overall index was then fixed according to its share in total food expenditures. The case is instructive because it shows the wide range and size of hidden government expenditures and commitments that affect the public. A relative decrease in expenditures on nondurables reflects the lesser importance of basic goods. We use two measures of consumption: consumer expenditures on nondurables plus services, and expenditures on nondurable goods only. Expenditures on machinery simply replaced expenditures on construction. As discussed earlier, they do this by lowering (or not raising) taxes, rather than through increased expenditures. Ostensibly, budget caps allow for incremental program expansion but, unless expressly overridden, prohibit expenditures greater than anticipated. All these results naturally point in the direction of further investigation of the relations between openness and government expenditures along two lines. Second, the nature of the compensation is such that citizens demand more expenditures - and not directly more taxes. The same source provides for data on consolidated central government expenditures, which are mainly used for the analysis. Nevertheless, it is extremely important to test whether the results are sensitive to the definition of government expenditures. When payments are to be made over more than one year, the expenditures are known as differentiated appropriations. In the past, there have been problems of both rising and unpredictable expenditures. When necessary, the government must then propose changes in the legal framework to parliament to prevent overruns, or alternatively compensate by cutting expenditures elsewhere. As mentioned, many local government authorities have taken money from the individual accounts to meet other expenditures and thereby created 'empty accounts'. Amongst the heaviest expenditures in homes is staff wages. The growth of public and private healthcare financial obligations will require a limit in the incremental and universal growth of healthcare expenditures. Options include changing the patient mix, reducing waste, reducing or eliminating nonessential functions, reducing capital expenditures, reducing or restructuring staff, or reducing salaries. In the rural and informal sectors, increased expenditures on education, health and better food require higher incomes. A practical disadvantage is that it is not available for many countries and that private and public expenditures may have to be disentangled. Ideally, governments should publish full statements on economic rates of return, and on environmental impacts, both before and after expenditures are made or regulations enacted. In all cases 'relative' is used to encourage the possibility of reducing expenditures in categories as well. In 1946, immediately after the war, government expenditures and output fell dramatically. They find-as expected-increasing expenditures prior to elections for both left- and right-wing governments, albeit geared to a different clientele. The weight of each commodity in the overall index was then based on the shares of each in total expenditures of the pious foundations. Clearly t herefore, s ubstitution offers one mechanism by which expenditures have in the past grown. Most of the top-down studies have concluded that new technologies add around 2 percent a year to overall health expenditures. Incidence-based approaches estimate the number of newly diagnosed cases and forecast medical and other expenditures over their remaining life. The health sector, historically underfinanced and without a coherent health policy, lagged behind pensions, which consumed the major part of public social expenditures (47). In many countries, the publicly funded share of drug expenditures has increasingly become the focus of health policy. Costs borne purely by patients (travel time, forgone income, home expenditures) are not included in the analysis. Both cases dealt with allegations of fraud and excessive campaign expenditures. 12. To finance a more attractive product with superior returns the studios reduced expenditures on in-house production. Between 1949 and 1953, years of government rule by conservative coalitions, agricultural expenditures increased from 5.9 to 16.6 percent of the national budget. When there is a decrease or no change in expenditures, guidelines represent a cost-minimizing strategy. The important rise in need for hospitalizations and the expenditures after 1897 should be seen in the light of the new medical insights. An important part of the rising expenditures resulted from technological developments. Finally, there is increasing concern about the regional differences in healthcare expenditures. In periods of economic growth it can cover all expenditures for most people. Any technology assessment agency needs to assess its impact, not only to justify its expenditures but also to improve its own activities. The idea is that guidelines, by outlining efficient care strategies, will enhance the quality of care and reduce unnecessary or unproductive expenditures. Typical private advertising expenditures were for trade shows, ads about product availability in industry and organic trade publications, websites, and directories. More to the point, in the aftermath of the financial crisis, non-statutory welfare expenditures decreased to 7 per cent of overall labour costs. Due taxes were reckoned in proportion to one's income, whereas voluntary undertaking of public expenditures, called 'liturgies', depended on one's wealth and sense of altruism. Noticeably, improving the fiscal balance by cutting public expenditures or by means of a sales tax reform both enhance economic growth and conservation of forests. Our projections show the potentials of a nationwide implementation of stroke services for cost containment of national healthcare expenditures. Limitations can be justified by concern over depletion of public funds, and also over future escalation in the requirements for life-saving expenditures. Recurrent expenditures for the maintenance of pipelines, boreholes and dams alone was estimated at £3,000-£4,000 a year.$! Others, and this group was less significant, used the advances for extraordinary expenditures, like marriages and other important social events. If defendant can recover more than 60 (the amount of her expenditures), the suit will be profitable. Deficit-financing, has been an important way to expand public expenditures in many countries over time. The recourse to general government expenditures also allows a more detailed analysis of subsets of public spending. In general, organic production systems have lower yield, reduced expenditures for inputs such as fertilizers and herbicides, but similar returns to conventional systems. The growth in expenditures among seniors is also marked. A restriction of government expenditures through reductions in subsidies and a zero wage round for civil servants were also pushed through. Both the left and the right may have problems with fiscal balance - the left because of high expenditures, the right because of low taxes. Otherwise, expenditures will have to be cut, or revenues raised, or both. The budget covers all state expenditures, with some minor exceptions. By their nature, stabilization expenditures will fluctuate as the economy moves through the economic cycle and is hit by short term shocks. Budgeting follows the gross principle; that is, expenditures in areas financed partly by fees are not netted against these revenues. The 1999 reform also highlights a subtly changing characteristic of compulsory expenditures. More frequent usage of rules would justify greater fixed expenditures in rule drafting, inasmuch as these expenditures reduce average adjudication costs. In 1990, public and private expenditures on formal health services worldwide reached $1,700 billion, or 8 per cent of the total world product. Table 7.2 (p. 138) further suggests an anomaly in welfare expenditures. Typical expenditures involved the employment of casual handymen and gardeners, cleaners, decorators or more frequent use of hairdressers. Promotional expenditures are further divided into broadcast advertising (television and radio advertisements) and targeting media (newspaper advertising, direct mail, billboards, journals, and other advertisements). Unfortunately, no data are provided on the expenditures in this area. Because these expenditures ignore spending on energy efficiency, research and development outside the electricity sector-spending that can be substantial-they are not measures of program costs. More so when wrapped gifts and fine grotesque masks were unnecessary expenditures; hard-boiled eggs, of course, were easy to decorate and hide. Such expenditures create new barriers to competition and serve to concentrate service industries, just as many manufacturing sectors have experienced. Keynes recommended an easing of credit restrictions, in combination with loan-financed expenditures, to assist private enterprise in promoting growth and employment. By any standards expenditures on armed force required to underpin the kingdom's foreign, strategic and commercial policies look massive. Investment in human capital is calculated as net educational expenditures. If reduced-impact logging involves additional expenditures of $75/ha, carbon savings of about 30 tons could be achieved at a marginal cost of $2.4/ton. However, unless such cutbacks are carefully targeted, they may disproportionately penalize expenditures on environmental protection or poverty safety nets. A fixed fraction of total government expenditures is devoted to purchases of government services. Governmental expenditures, including expenditures to secure property rights, also are found to increase technical efficiency in the agricultural industry. Others have used expenditures and/or 'exogenous income' from non-forest sources. First, the magnitude of the flat payments is established in order to give the same total expenditures as in the flexible payments program. About 6 per cent of the sample reported weekly expenditures above 20,000 rubles and about 1.5 per cent above 50,000 rubles. Tables of public expenditures or descriptions of administrative organisations give precise and concise information. By 1901-1905 sewer expenditures were still only half the amount being spent on water and streets. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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